Ngatizvibvume-isu hatidi mbeu. Icho hachisi chokwadi chechokwadi, hongu. Mushure mezvose, zvinhu zvakawanda zvekudya imbeu chaiyo (bhinzi, pizi, mupunga, chibage, kofi, cacao) kana zvinobva pambeu (hupfu, mafuta), uye tinoda mbeu yekuparadzira zvirimwa zvakawanda. Nekudaro, kana zvasvika pamazambiringa, visi, bhanana, citrus uye mimwe michero nemiriwo, mbeu dzinogona kunetsa. Mbeu mumichero yakawanda inosanganisirwa nechikamu chatinodya, uye haina kuganhurirwa kune chikamu chisingadye semapuro, kana diki senge bhuruu bhabheri uye mahabhurosi. Kukura kwembeu hombe hakunakidze uye kunze kwekunge iri makwikwi, zvinowanzo netsa munharaunda kuasvipa. Naizvozvo, isu tinosvetuka pamukana wekubvisa mbeu, kana zvirinani kudzidzora dzive nhamba inokwanisa.
Miti isina mhodzi haina kujairika, asi inowanzovapo kana inogona kushandisirwa nevarimi vezvirimwa vasingashandisi michina yejinijini. Hapana zvirimwa zvembeu zvazvino zvisina mhodzi zvinogadzirwa nemajini (GMOs). Sezvakaita nemaitiro mazhinji emiti, matanho akati wandei anofanirwa kushanda nemazvo mu "nzira" yekugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa chekupedzisira (mbeu mune ino kesi). Kuwirirana mune chero nhanho imwe kunotungamira mukundikana. Kusashaya mbeu kumuti hakubatsiri nekuti chinokundikana kubereka mbeu, ndosaka zvirimwa zvisina mhodzi zvichitepfenyurwa kuburikidza nekumisikidza kana kucheka (cucumber uye watermelon ari anosara). Nekudaro, hunhu hunogamuchirika hunoitwa kuburikidza nemukume uye hunochengetwa mugen'a remvura kusvikira mubatanidzwa wakakodzera wevabereki woitika zvakare kuti ubudise chirimwa chine michero isina mhodzi. Sezvo izvi zvichiitika zvakasikwa, uye vanhu vachicherekedza, vachida kuziva uye vane zvisikwa zvine hungwaru, kana tangowana chimwe chinhu chatinoda, tinochitora zvizere. Saka, nei mimwe michero isina mhodzi?
Chibereko chemhandara
Michero yese isina mhodzi inowira pasi pechikamu chakajairika chinonzi parthenocarpy. Parthenocarpy ishoko rechiGiriki rinoreva "muchero wemhandara." Aya ndiwo mamiriro ezvinhu apo michero inokura pasina kusangana kweiyo ovule (chikamu cheruva icho kana ikasangana ikaita mbeu). Mune izvi zvirimwa, pollination inogona kana inogona kunge isingaite inokonzeresa kugadzirwa kwehomoni kumutsa ovary madziro kuzvimba nekugadzira michero. Zvisinei, kubereka uye kukura kwembeu hakuitike uye hapana "maronda embeu" kana zvisaririra zvembeu. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kukura kwemichero kunogona kukurudzirwa mukushaikwa kwemukume kuburikidza nekunze kwehomoni kunyorera. Uku kusava nembeu kuripo mune mamwe marudzi emacucumber, persimmon, mazambiringa, macitrus, mananazi nezvimwe. Rudzi urwu rwekusava nembeu kazhinji runogadzira michero midiki pane vamwe vavo vane mbeu.
Mimwe miriwo inokwanisa kuburitsa mbeu inogona kunge iine pollen isina kubereka kana zvimwe zvikonzero zvinoita kuti isakwanise kugadzira mbeu, uye kuti ibudise mbeu inoda pollination neimwe nhengo, yemhando dzakasiyana yemhando iyoyo. Kana dzakasimwa muminda mikuru yemichero, dzakakomberedzwa nemhando dzakafanana dzadzo, zvichikonzera kuburitsa michero yeparthenocarpic. Mazhinji macitrus anoshanda nenzira iyi.
Mbeu yekutevera
Stenospermocarpy imhando ye parthenocarpy panosangana urume uye mbeu inotanga kukura asi inozopedzisira yabvisa, ichisiya kumashure inoonekwa "mhodzi yembeu." Mutsara wembeu unosiyana muhukuru zvichienderana nekuti kukura kwembeu kwakafambira mberi sei pamberi pokubvisa nhumbu uye kazhinji zvakapfava zvakakwana zvekuti havana mhodzi yembeu yakazara zvakakwana. Izvi zvinoitika mumazambiringa mazhinji asina mbeu, mavise uye mimwe michero. Vaberekesi vemazambiringa asina mhodzi vanoshandisa chinhanho kubva padanho rekuvandudza iri nekubvisa mbeu dzichiri kusimukira vasati vabvisa uye nekukudziridza kuita zvirimwa vachishandisa maitiro etsika dzetsika. Nenzira iyi, vese vabereki vane hunhu husina mhodzi nekudaro vachibereka huwandu hwakakwira hwevana vasina mbeu.
Kuvhiringidzwa kwemaitiro ekuvandudza mbeu kunoitika nekuda kwezvikonzero zvinoverengeka. Watermelon nebhanana hazvina mhodzi nekuti zvine maseti matatu emakromosomes, zvichivapa nhamba isinganzwisisike yekushanda nayo pavanogadzira mukume nemazai emazai. Hupenyu hwakawanda hune huwandu hwakawanda hwechromosomes, saka mazai eazai nepoleni anokonzeresa anogamuchira kunyange nhamba yemakromosomes ayo ane magene, semuenzaniso, DNA, yekubatanidza kuita vana. Kana ma triploid achigadzira mazai uye mukume, maitiro acho anoburitsa nhamba isinganzwisisike, zvichikonzera kuti zai uye mukume usatore kurumbidzwa kwekromosome yakaenzana, saka vanoshaya ruzivo runodiwa kuti ruvepo. Mukume unobva ku triploid unowanzo kuoneka wakaunyana uye usina kuumbwa zvakanaka.
Crossing
Triploid zvipenyu zvinoitika zvakasikwa kana zvinogona kuvandudzwa nekuyambuka diploid (maviri seti echromosomes) ine tetraploid (mana seti emakromosomes) kuburitsa katatu. Panyaya yevatikiti, pollination inoda kuitika kuti michero isimuke uye sezvo mukume wemumvura usingamere, mhando dze diploid dzakasimwa kuti dzipe mukume unoita kuti ubereke michero isina mbeu yakakwana. Mbeu chena inoteera inoonekwa zviri nyore muvise
Stenospermocarpic kusava nembeu mumazambiringa ese akadzidziswa kusvika pari zvino zvese zvinokonzerwa nenjodzi inongoitika ye "point mutation" muchikamu che chromosome yemazambiringa inoona nezvekukura kwembeu. Vazhinji vanoshandisa izwi rekuti mutation kana mutant mune yakashata mamiriro, asi shanduko zhinji dzatinoona dzinodiwa dzakaitika zvakasikwa.
Kuedza kwakaitwa kugadzira macheri asina mhodzi. Zvisinei, pane musiyano pakati pe "gomba" nembeu. Gomba ndiro rakaomarara, rine matombo rakakomberedza mbeu mumiorivhi, ma cherries, mapichisi, mapuramu nemaapurikoti uye haisi chikamu chembeu. Vatsvakurudzi vakakwanisa kugadzira macheri asina mhodzi asi kwete asina gomba.
Kusina mhodzi kunogona kana kusachinja hunhu hwechibereko. Mbeu mune muchero inogona kubatsira kukwevera simba uye zvinovaka muviri mumuchero unoshandura hunhu hwakadai senge zvinovaka muviri neshuga, saizi yemichero, nhamba yemichero, nguva yekukura nezvimwe. Vaberekesi uye varimi vanoita basa rakanaka vachishandisa nzira dzakajairika dzekuuchika uye dzekugadzira kukurira izvi zvisingakwanisike.
Kuti uwane mamwe mashoko,
Michigan State University
www.canr.msu.edu