Xiaoxi Meng naZhikai Liang pavakatanga kupa zano makore mashoma apfuura, James Schnable aive asina chokwadi. Kutaura zvishoma.
"'Zvakanaka, unogona kuyedza, asi handifunge kuti zvichashanda," mumwe purofesa wezvekurima nekurima akayeuka achitaura kuna Meng naLiang, vaongorori vepastdoctoral murabhu yeSchnable paYunivhesiti yeNebraska-Lincoln.
Akanga asina kururama uye, mukuona, haana kumbobvira afara kuva. Asi panguva iyoyo, Schnable aive nechikonzero chakanaka chekusimudza tsiye. Pfungwa yevaviri ava - yekuti kutevedzana kweDNA yezvirimwa zvisingatonhore izvo zvinozvipira kune chando chakasimba zvinogona kubatsira kufanotaura kuti zvirimwa zvemusango, zvakaomarara zvinoshivirira sei kutonhora kwechando - zvaiita seane ushingi. Kutaura zvishoma. Zvakadaro, yaive njodzi yakaderera, ine mubairo mukuru. Nekuti kana Meng naLiang vakakwanisa kuita kuti ishande, inogona kungomhanyisa kuedza kugadzira zvirimwa zvisingatonhore zvishoma kana zvakanyanya kufanana nevamwe vavo vasingatonhore.
Zvimwe zvirimwa zvepasi rose zvakakosha zvakachengetwa munzvimbo dzinopisa - chibage kumaodzanyemba kweMexico, mhunga kumabvazuva kweAfrica - izvo zvisingaite kuti zvigadzirise dziviriro kubva kuchando kana chando. Kana mbesa idzodzo dzichirimwa munzvimbo dzakaoma zvikuru, kunzwa kwadzo kuchando kunoganhura kuti zvingakurumidza kudyarwa sei uye kuti zvinogona kukohwewa sei. Mwaka mupfupi wekukura wakaenzana nenguva shoma yephotosynthesis, zvichikonzera goho diki uye chikafu chishoma chehuwandu hwepasi rose hunotarisirwa kusvika vanhu mabhiriyoni gumi panosvika 10.
Kutonhora kwemamiriro okunze
Miti yemiti inotokura mumamiriro ekunze anotonhora, panguva iyi, yakashanduka maitiro ekutsungirira kutonhora. Ivo vanogona kugadzirisa zvakare maserura avo kuti vachengetedze mvura pane yakadzika tembiricha, kudzivirira membrane kubva kuchando uye kutsemuka. Vanogona kuwedzera madheshi eshuga kune zvinwiwa zviri mukati uye zvakatenderedza membranes idzodzo, zvichidzikisa nzvimbo yavo yekuomesa nechando sezvinoita munyu wepadivi penzira. Dzinogona kutogadzira mapuroteni anopfutidza minuscule makristasi echando makristasi iwayo asati akura kuita masero anoputika.
Zvese izvo zvidziviriro zvinotangira padanho remajini, asi kwete chete mukutevedzana kweDNA pachayo. Kana zvidyarwa zvatanga kugwamba nechando, zvinokwanisa kupindura nekudzima mamwe majini kana kuvheneka - kudzivirira kana kutendera manyorerwo emirairo yemajini kuti anyorwe uye kuitwa. Kuziva kuti ndeapi magene anoshivirira kutonhora anodzima uye anoenderera mberi mukutarisana nechando chinotonhora, saka, kunogona kubatsira vatsvakurudzi kunzwisisa nheyo dzemasvingo avo uye, pakupedzisira, injini yekudzivirira kwakafanana kuva zvirimwa zvisingatonhore.
Asi Schnable aizivawo, sezvakaitwa naMeng naLiang, kuti kunyangwe geni rakafanana rinowanzopindura zvakasiyana nekutonhora kwemarudzi ezvirimwa, kunyangwe zvine hukama. Zvinoreva, nenzira inoodza mwoyo, kuti kunzwisisa kuti jini rinopindura sei kutonhora mune imwe rudzi kunowanzoudza masayendisiti ezvekudyara chero chinhu chinogutsa pamusoro pemaitiro ejini mune imwe. Kusafungira ikoko, kwave kutadzisa kuedza kudzidza mitemo inoraira kuti chii chichamisa kana kuita kuti majini ashande.
"Isu tichiri chaizvo, zvakaipa pakunzwisisa kuti nei majini achidzima uye achienderera," Schnable akadaro.
Chibage chinomera
Kushaya bhuku remitemo, vaongorori vakatendeukira kumuchina kudzidza, chimiro chehungwaru hwekugadzira chinogona kunyora chayo. Ivo vakanyatsogadzira inotariswa yemhando yemhando - iyo iyo inogona, kana yakapihwa yakakwana yakanyorwa mifananidzo ye, toti, katsi uye kwete-katsi, pakupedzisira kudzidza kusiyanisa yekutanga kubva kune yekupedzisira. Chikwata ichi chakatanga charatidza chayo modhi nemurwi wakakura wemajini kubva muchibage, pamwe neavhareji yezviitiko zvemajini aya apo chirimwa chaive nechando chaitonhora. Muenzaniso wacho wakadyiswawo “zvese zvataigona kufunga nezvazvo” pajini rega rega rechibage, Schnable akadaro, kusanganisira kureba kwacho, kugadzikana kwacho uye chero mutsauko uripo pakati pacho nedzimwe shanduro dzacho dzinowanikwa mune zvimwe zvirimwa zvechibage.
Gare gare, vaongorori vakaedza modhi yavo nekuvanza kubva mairi chikamu chimwe chete cheruzivo muchikamu cheiyo majini: vangave vakapindura kutanga kwekutonhora kwechando, kana kuti havana. Nekuongorora maitiro emajini ayo akange audzwa angave aipindura kana kusadaira, modhi yakaziva kuti ndeapi musanganiswa weaya maficha aive akakodzera kune yega yega - uye ndokuzobudirira kupinza ruzhinji rweakasara, zvakavanzika-bhokisi majini mumapoka avo chaiwo.
Kwaiva kutanga kunovimbisa, pasina mubvunzo. Asi muedzo chaiwo wakaramba uripo: Muenzanisiro wacho unogona kutora rovedzo yawakanga wagamuchira murudzi rumwe ndokuishandisa kune imwe here?
Mhinduro yakanga iri hongu chaiyo. Mushure mekudzidziswa neDNA data kubva kune imwe chete yemhando nhanhatu - chibage, mhunga, pearl mapira, proso mapira, foxtail mapira kana switchgrass - modhi yacho yaiwanzo kwanisa kufanotaura kuti ndeapi majini mune chero emamwe mashanu aizopindura nechando. Zvakashamisa Schnable, modhi yakasimudzwa kunyangwe payakadzidziswa mhando yemhando isingatonhore - chibage, mhunga, pearl kana proso mapfunde - asi iine basa rekufanotaura mhinduro dzemajini mumapfunde asingatonhore efoxtail kana switchgrass.
mhando
"Mienzaniso yatakadzidzisa yakashanda pamwe chete nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana sekunge iwe une data mune imwe mhuka uye wakashandisa data remukati kuita fungidziro mumhando imwe chete iyoyo," akadaro, ratidziro yekushamisika ichienderera muzwi rake mwedzi gare gare. "Chokwadi ndingadai ndisina kufanotaura izvozvo."
"Pfungwa yekuti tinogona kungoisa ruzivo rwese mukombuta, uye inogona kuona mimwe mitemo yekufanotaura kuti inoshanda, ichiri kundishamisa."
Mafungiro iwayo anogona kubatsira zvakanyanya kana uchifunga imwe nzira. Kweanoda kusvika makore gumi, nyanzvi dzezvipenyu zvezvirimwa dzakanyatsokwanisa kuyera huwandu hwemamorekuru eRNA - iwo ane basa rekunyora nekutakura mirairo yeDNA - inogadzirwa nechero jena muchirimwa chipenyu. Asi kuenzanisa kuti mataurirwo ejini aya anopindura sei kutonhora mune zvipenyu zvipenyu, uye nemhando dzakasiyana siyana, ibasa rinorwadza, akadaro Schnable. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya nezvinomera zvemusango, izvo mhodzi dzinogona kunetsa kuwana. Mbeu idzodzo dzingasamera pazvinenge zvichitarisirwa, kana zvichitomboitika, uye dzinogona kutora makore kuti dzikure. Kunyangwe zvikadaro, chirimwa chese chinobuda chinofanirwa kurimwa munzvimbo yakafanana, inodzorwa uye kudzidzwa padanho rimwe rekukura.
Mamwe marudzi
Zvose izvi zvinopa dambudziko guru pakukura zvakakwana mhuka dzesango, kubva kumhuka dzesango dzakakwana, kuti dzidzokorore uye kuongorora nenhamba dzemajini adzo pakutonhora.
"Kana isu tichinyatsoda kuwana kuti ndeapi majini akakosha - ayo anotoita basa rekuti chirimwa chinoenderana sei nekutonhora - isu tinofanirwa kunge tichitarisa anopfuura maviri marudzi," akadaro Schnable. "Tinoda kutarisa boka remarudzi anoshivirira kutonhora uye boka rinonzwa, uye tarisa maitiro: "Iyi gene inogara ichipindura mune imwe uye nguva dzose haipinduri mune imwe."
“Icho chinotanga kuve chiyedzo chikuru uye chinodhura. Zvingave zvakanaka kana tikangoita kufanotaura kubva kuDNA kutevedzana kwezvipenyu izvozvo pane, toti, kutora marudzi makumi maviri uye kuyedza kuwana ese padanho rimwe chete, toisa ese kuburikidza neayo chaiwo ekurapa kushushikana, uye kuyera huwandu hweRNA inogadzirwa pajini rega rega murudzi rwega.
Neraki yemuenzaniso, vaongorori vakatoteedzera genomes emhando dzinopfuura mazana matatu ezvirimwa. Kuedza kwepasirese kunoenderera mberi kunogona kusundidzira nhamba iyoyo kusvika zviuru gumi mumakore mashoma anotevera.
Kunyangwe iyo modhi yakatopfuura zvakanyanyisa zvaaitarisira, Schnable akati danho rinotevera richasanganisira "kugutsikana isu nevamwe vanhu" kuti inoshanda sezvayakaita kusvika parizvino. Muchiitiko chega chega kusvika nhasi, vatsvakurudzi vakakumbira muenzaniso kuti uvaudze zvavanoziva kare. Muedzo wekupedzisira, akadaro, uchauya kana vanhu nemuchina zvave kutanga kubva.
"Chiyedzo chikuru chinotevera chandinofunga kuti chatinofanira kuita ndechekufanotaura nezvemhando yatisina kana data zvachose," akadaro. "Kuita kuti vanhu vaone kuti zvinoshanda chaizvo mumamiriro ezvinhu apo isu tisingazive mhinduro."
Chikwata chakashuma zvachawana mupepanhau Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Meng, Liang naSchnable vakanyora chidzidzo ichi naRebecca Roston weNebraska, Yang Zhang, Samira Mahboub uye mudzidzi akapedza kudzidza Daniel Ngu, pamwe naXiuru Dai, nyanzvi inoshanya kubva kuShandong Agricultural University.
Kuti uwane mamwe mashoko,
Yunivhesiti yeNebraska Lincoln
www.unl.edu