Iyo Altai State Agrarian University yakabata musangano wepasi rose wesainzi "Evolution yevhu uye kukudziridzwa kwemazano esainzi musainzi yevhu", yakatsaurirwa kumakore makumi mapfumbamwe ekuzvarwa kweHonored Scientist weRussian Federation, Chiremba wekurima Sayenzi, Purofesa we. Dhipatimendi reSoil Science uye Agrochemistry yeAltai State Agrarian University Lidia Burlakova (90-1932). Masayendisiti anopfuura makumi masere kubva kuRussia, Turkey, Kazakhstan neBelarus vakapinda mumusangano. Mumwe wevaenzi vakuru aiva Boris F. Aparin, Chiremba weAgricultural Sciences, Purofesa weSt. Petersburg State University, Vice-President weVV Dokuchaev Society of Soil Scientists yeRussia, mutungamiriri wesayenzi weVV Dokuchaev Central Museum of Soil Science ( Petersburg). Musayendisiti anozivikanwa akataura nezvekuti sainzi yevhu inobatsira sei mukugadzirisa matambudziko ekuchengetedza chikafu uye kuti kurima kweramangwana kunofanira kunge kuri sei.
- Munzanga, haisi tsika yekubata ivhu sechinhu chinoshandiswa chehurumende, kusiyana nemafuta uye gasi, somuenzaniso. Yakanga iri apo Ukraine yakatanga kutengesa chernozem kumadokero kuti nhepfenyuro yakatanga kutaura pamusoro pekukosha kwehupfumi hwepanyama. Ndeapi matambudziko akatarisana nesainzi yevhu nhasi?
- Chekutanga, kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedza chikafu. Chaizvoizvo, kugadzirisa dambudziko iri, sainzi yevhu sesainzi yakasikwa naVasily Vasilyevich Dokuchaev pakupera kweXIX-XX mazana emakore. Pakazara, 22% chete yenyika papasi redu inogarwa nevhu rakaorera rinorimika. Panguva imwecheteyo, mukufamba kwenhoroondo yaro, vanhu vakatorasikirwa nemahekita anopfuura bhiriyoni enyika dzakadaro nekuda kwemaitiro ekuparara kwevhu, mafashamo, maguta, nezvimwewo. Huwandu hwePasi huri kukura, uye ivhu rinorimwa zvichiva zvishoma uye zvishoma! Tekinoroji dzemazuva ano dzinongobvumidza isu kugadzirisa dambudziko rekubereka kwevhu kusvika pamwero wakati. Hongu, tinogona kuwana goho rakanaka nhasi. Asi mubvunzo ndewokuti: pamutengo wei? Izvi zvichakanganisa sei mamiriro evhu mune ramangwana?
KuRussia, dambudziko rezviwanikwa zvevhu rinonyanya kukosha. Chikamu che30% cheivhu redu rakaderedzwa. 40 miriyoni mahekita, inenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chenyika, yave isina kurima, kureva kuti, yarega kurima.
Saka, pasina kuongorora kugona kweagroecological yevhu, hazvigoneke kugadzirisa dambudziko rekuchengetedza chikafu chenyika. Uye kuongororwa kwevhu uku hakusati kwaitwa zvizere.
– Ndezvipi zvikonzero?
- Chikamu chechikonzero chiri muvhu sainzi pachayo, iyo, iri sainzi yechidiki, yakavharirwa mukuzvivandudza kwenguva yakareba, haina kugara yakatarisana nekugadzirisa matambudziko akaiswa. Kune rumwe rutivi, agrochemistry yakanga ichikura munyika yedu, iyo yakanga ine migumisiro yakaipa. Zvaimbotendwa kuti makemikari anogona kugadzirisa dambudziko rekuorera kwevhu. Asi zvino zvakazoitika kuti mhedzisiro yekushandiswa kweagrochemistry kushatisa ivhu. Mushure mezvose, ivhu ivhu rinorarama, rinoshanda nesimba. Zvichakadaro, nekuda kweagrochemistry, takadzidza kutonga chete chirongwa chekudya chezvirimwa. Nhasi zviri pachena kuti kurima kwemazuva ano kunofanirwa kuchengetedza ivhu. Kusvika pari zvino munhoroondo yevanhu kwave kuine nzira dzekurima dzakadaro dzakatungamirira kune imwe kana imwe kuparadzwa kwevhu. Pane chido chekukurumidzira kuti pave nekugadzirisa zvirongwa zvekurima.
– Pane mamwe matambudziko here?
- Ehe. Sezvineiwo, kusvika zvino, sainzi yevhu yakabata nevhu reminda yekurima chete. Sokuti mumasango makanga musina ivhu zvachose?! Asi dambudziko rekuparara kwevhu rakakoshawo pano. Nyika yedu ine hupfumi hwakawanda hwemasango, uye tarisiro yebudiriro yemasango yakakosha kuRussia. Izvi hazvigoneke pasina sainzi yevhu.
Rimwe dambudziko idambudziko remamiriro ekunze, ayo atova shumo. Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kuchakanganisa sei kuchinja kwevhu? Zvimiro zvavo zvinokura sango, somuenzaniso, zvichachinja here? Ngatisakanganwe kuti ivhu rinopa kusvika ku30% ye CO2 emissions. Chero kushandiswa kwevhu kunotungamirira kuchinje muhukoshi uhu. Semuenzaniso, kurasikirwa kwe humus, dehumidification, kunotungamirira kukuwedzera kwe CO2 emissions. Uye pano nyaya yave kutopinda munharaunda yehupfumi uye zvematongerwo enyika, sezvo yakanangana nekugadzwa uye kugoverwa kweiyo quotas yekubuda kwegreenhouse gasi.
Matambudziko ose aya aizogadziriswa nokukurumidza kana mutemo wevhu ukagamuchirwa, uyo masayendisiti ave achiedza kuita kwerinopfuura gore.
- Iwe unomiririra Central Museum yeSoil Science yakatumidzwa zita reVV Dokuchaev muSt. Iyo Altai State Agrarian University ine chete Soil Museum mudunhu. Matura akadaro emipimo yevhu anogona sei kutapura chigadzikiso chezvinetso zvinotarisana nesayenzi yevhu yazvino uno?
-Nzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzekuita dzakabatwa pano. Chokutanga, pasinei nokuti Russia ndiyo nzvimbo yekuzvarwa kwesayenzi yevhu, ruzivo rwedu rwevanhu vose pamusoro pevhu rakaderera kupfuura muEurope. Sekuona kwangu, chikoro chinotarisa zvisina basa kunyaya dzesainzi yevhu. Nokudaro, mafungiro asina kunyatsoteerera kune ivhu munzanga yose ari kutoumbwa. Zvinofadza kuti hurumende yakasarudza kupemberera 100th anniversary yeVV Dokuchaev Soil Institute muna 2027. Basa resangano rakatanga, iro rinopa huwandu hunokosha hwemabasa ezvidzidzo, izvo, ndinotarisira, zvichakurudzira kufarira mubasa, mu musoro wekuchengetedzwa kwevhu zvakazara.
-Nzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzekuita dzakabatwa pano. Chokutanga, pasinei nokuti Russia ndiyo nzvimbo yekuzvarwa kwesayenzi yevhu, ruzivo rwedu rwevanhu vose pamusoro pevhu rakaderera kupfuura muEurope. Sekuona kwangu, chikoro chinotarisa zvisina basa kunyaya dzesainzi yevhu. Nokudaro, mafungiro asina kunyatsoteerera kune ivhu munzanga yose ari kutoumbwa. Zvinofadza kuti hurumende yakasarudza kupemberera 100th anniversary yeVV Dokuchaev Soil Institute muna 2027. Basa resangano rakatanga, iro rinopa huwandu hunokosha hwemabasa ezvidzidzo, izvo, ndinotarisira, zvichakurudzira kufarira mubasa, mu musoro wekuchengetedzwa kwevhu zvakazara.
- Mamiriro ekugadzira ayo ari kushingaira kushandiswa nhasi, somuenzaniso, mu hydroponics, anogona kupedzisira atsiva ivhu?
– Never! Nhasi, inenge 95-97% yezvokudya zvatinowana kuburikidza nekurima ivhu. Zvimwe zvacho zvinokonzerwa nehydroponics. Aya kunyanya mapurazi egreenhouse. Kuripira kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvevhu, zvichave zvakakosha kuvaka yakakura greenhouse complexes kutenderera pasirese. Hazvina chokwadi. Uye zvakare, mavhoriyamu akadaro ekushandisa hydroponics anoda huwandu hwakakodzera hwemvura nemagetsi, uye zviwanikwa izvi zvakare hazvina kuwanda papasi redu! Mune mamwe matunhu, semuenzaniso, kuchamhembe, hydroponics ndiyo chete nzira yekuitisa kurima zvirimwa, uye ikoko kwakaringana.
Rimwe divi imhando yezvigadzirwa zvekurima. Hydroponic tsika haizombope munhu izvo zvakasikwa zvinopa. Ndinogara ndichiudza vadzidzi vangu kuti: "Ivhu muviri webio-bony wakazadzwa netupukanana." Iyo microbiome yevhu yakaoma kupfuura iyo microbiome yemunhu! Pamusana pekuzara kwema microorganisms aya, maitiro ekugadzirwa kwevhu, basa rayo rekufema, kusunungurwa kwezvinhu zvehurumende yezvokudya, nezvimwewo zvinoitika. Kuda kunge munhu. Ivhu i polychemical system. Iyo ine zvinenge zvese zvinhu zveperiodic tafura, hongu, mune akasiyana ratios. Ivhu iri polymineral system ine zvinopfuura zviuru zvitatu zvicherwa. Zvose izvi pakupedzisira zvinogadzira chiyero chakasiyana chekusunungurwa kwezvinhu zvemakemikari. Hazvibviri kutevedzera, kugadzira zvekugadzira, asi zvingangove zvisingabatsiri mune zvehupfumi.
– Ngatidzokerei kuchinyorwa chekuchengetedza mazinga evhu…
- Chekupedzisira, mareferenzi emasampu emumyuziyamu evhu monoliths anobvumira kutarisisa kwekutarisa uye kufanotaura kwekuchinja kwezviwanikwa zvevhu. Semuenzaniso, tichakwanisa here kuona kukura kwezvinhu zvekurima munzvimbo idzi dzinorimwa mumamiriro ekunze? Kuongororwa kwevhu monoliths yechimiro chisina kukanganiswa chakasarudzwa panguva dzakasiyana, iine chaiyo yenguva uye yepakati referensi, inotibvumira kuvaka mienzaniso yekufanotaura. Kune anopfuura 400 akadaro monoliths mumuseum yedu. Kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeRussia, tine monoliths yakasarudzwa pakutanga kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri uye munguva inotevera, iyo inopa chikonzero chekuenzanisa. Aya ndiwo Leningrad, Voronezh, Volgograd nzvimbo, uko monoliths yakaunganidzwa kubva muna 1927. Somuenzaniso, takaita chidzidzo chezvinyorwa zvemasikirwo emasikirwo emagetsi (caesium, thorium, radium, potassium-40) mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeEurope dzeRussian Federation. Pave paine makakatanwa pamusoro pekuti zvinhu izvi zvine mabviro echisikigo here kana kuti asiri emuvhu. Zvakazoitika kuti mune monoliths yakasarudzwa isati yasvika nguva yekutanga kwekuedzwa kwenyukireya, hapana cesium zvachose!
Kana, semuenzaniso, kuongorora kwakadaro kunotibvumira kuona kuti zvirimwa zvinokanganisa sei ivhu kana chimiro chevhu chichivhiringidzwa, kuputika kwevhu, kupera, kupera, kupera kwevhu nekudonha kwegoho kunoitika. Chibage nesunflower ndivo vatungamiri pano. Uye kuramba kutenderedzwa kwembesa kunotowedzera kuipa kana kurimwa zvirimwa izvi.
Uye ichi chinongova chikamu chematambudziko esainzi esainzi yevhu. Ndine chokwadi chekuti munguva pfupi iri kutevera sainzi yedu icharatidza kuvandudzwa kwenzira itsva dzekurima.
Izvo zvinyorwa zvinopihwa nevezvenhau sevhisi yeASAU, yakaburitswa muchidimbu
Kunobva: https://sectormedia.ru