Kutangwa kweNASA's Artemis 1 mishoni kuMwedzi muna Mbudzi kwakaratidza rimwe danho parwendo iro rimwe zuva richatungamira kune vanhu kushanyira muvakidzani wedu wepedyo wepasi, Mars. Basa revanhu rinozopedzisira richitevera pazvitsitsinho zveakawanda marobhoti spacecraft, iyo ichangoburwa yaive kumhara kwePerseverance rover panyika dzvuku muna Kukadzi 2021. Kune nzendo dzevanhu kuenda kuMars kune nyaya dzakawanda dzetekinoroji dzinofanirwa kugadziriswa, kiyi pakati. Dziviriro kubva mumwaranzi yezuva uye hutano hwevashandi, kusanganisira nzira yekupa chikafu chinovaka muviri. Kutarisisa uye kunetsa kune nyanzvi dzakawanda dziri kudzidza iyo yekupedzisira nzira yekudzivirira kushomeka kwakadzika kunokonzerwa nekugara uchidyiwa kwechikafu chakaomeswa nechando. Kuwanikwa kwechikafu chitsva zviri pachena kuve hutano hukuru uye hwepfungwa mukana, uye nekuda kweizvi zvichave zvakakosha kukura nekukohwa zvirimwa munzira. Muchikamu chino, vanyori vanoongorora ikozvino data uye tsvakurudzo maererano nekudya, zvekurapa uye zvepfungwa zvinobatsira, uye nzira dzinogona kuitika dzekurima zvirimwa munzvimbo yakadzika.
Sekureva kweNASA, njodzi huru shanu dzinoonekwa panguva yekubhururuka kwechadenga: mwaranzi wemuchadenga, kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe uye kuvharirwa, chinhambwe kubva kuPasi, kuderera kwesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi, uye nharaunda ine hutsinye uye yakavharwa yechitundumuseremusere. Zvirimwa zvipenyu uye chikafu chichangobva kurima zvinogona kuita basa guru mukutsigira zvitatu zveizvi: hutano, zvinodiwa zvekurapa uye pfungwa dzevashandi.
udyo
Huyero hwekudya kwechikafu chinopihwa kumishini yemuchadenga hunofanirwa kunyatsogadziriswa kuti vashandi varambe rwendo rurefu vaine hutano hwakanaka.
Huyero hwekudya kwechikafu chinopihwa kune mishoni dzemuchadenga hunofanirwa kunyatsogadziriswa kuitira kuti vashandi vakwanise kuchengetedza rwendo rurefu vaine hutano hwakanaka. Sezvo resupplies kubva kuPasi zvichave zvakaoma, kusarudza chaizvo chikafu chakakodzera uye chimiro chayo chaicho chinangwa chakakosha.
Kudzivisa chero kushomeka kwekudya kwakakosha ndiro dambudziko riri pachena, uye zvakadzama zvinodiwa zvekudya zvakadzidzwa neNASA. Zvizhinji zvezvazvino zvechikafu chemuchadenga 'system', zvisinei, zvakaratidza kuve kushomeka. Kunyanya, kuchengetwa kwenguva refu kwechikafu kunokonzera kuora kwevhitamini A, B1, B6 uye C.
Kuwedzera kunoreva kurasikirwa uremu kwevazivi vemuchadenga i2.4 muzana pamazuva zana mune microgravity, kunyangwe ine stringent resistive exercise countermeasures. Vazivi venyeredzi vakaratidzwawo kuti vanotambura nekushomeka kwekudya mu potassium, calcium, vhitamini D uye vhitamini K nekuti chikafu chinopihwa hachivabvumire kusangana nezvinodiwa zvezuva nezuva.
Zvirimwa zvinogara zvine mavhitamini nemamineral, uye iko kudyiwa kwechikafu chitsva kwaizodzivirira dambudziko rekuchengetedza. Kuzvishandisa saka kungave chinhu chinowedzera kune chikafu chakaomeswa nechando.
Astronaut Scott Kelly akayamwisa nzvimbo dzinofa zinnias kudzokera kuhutano paISS. Akatora mifananidzo yemaruva ari muCupola pakatarisana nepasi pePasi uye akagovera foto ku Instagram yake yeZuva raValentine muna 2016.
mushonga
Pamusoro pevhitamini nemaminerari, zvidyarwa zvinogadzira akawanda akasiyana echipiri metabolites. Mishonga iyi inogona kubatsira zvakanyanya mukudzivirira nyaya dzehutano. Semuenzaniso, folate inobatanidzwa mukugadzirisa DNA, asi zvinodiwa zvayo zvinosangana chete ne64 muzana yemazuva ekubhururuka. Sezvo matelomeres, kupera kwemakromosomes, kwakaratidza kuchinjwa zvakanyanya panguva yekufamba kwenguva refu, kuwedzera mu folate kuburikidza nezvirimwa zvitsva kunogona kubatsira kuderedza kuchembera kwemajini uye kuitika kwegomarara.
Pakati pemimwe mienzaniso, miriwo yakapfuma-carotenoid inogona kudzivirira kukanganisa kweziso kunokonzerwa neiyo microgravity, nepo chikafu chakaomeswa cheplum chinogona kubatsira kudzivirira kurasikirwa neradiation-induced bone. Zvidyarwa zvakawanda zvine ma antioxidants anogona kubatsira zvakanyanya mukudzivirira DNA yemunhu kubva mumwaranzi-induced mutations. Nekudaro, chikafu chekudyara chirimwa hachina kukwana uye mamwe magadzirirwo anofanirwa kugadzirwa kudzivirira vazivi venyeredzi kubva mumwaranzi.
Psychology
Pamusoro pevhitamini nemaminerari, zvirimwa zvinogadzira akawanda akasiyana echipiri metabolites
Sezvo kuzviparadzanisa uye chinhambwe chichaisa dambudziko rakakosha pahutano hwepfungwa dzevazivi vemuchadenga, chikafu ndiyo imwe yenguva dzakanyanya kukosha yekurerutsa manzwiro. Kudya chikafu chakaomeswa nechando pakudya kwega kwega kunogadzira kuneta kwemenyu uye vazivi vemuchadenga vanowanzodya zvishoma nekufamba kwenguva. Kudya chikafu chitsva kunogona kuderedza kuneta uku, kwete zvishoma mukupa zvakasiyana muchimiro uye magadzirirwo.
Chimwe chiitiko chinobatsira kuhutano hwepfungwa hwevashandi ihorticulture. Zvirimwa zvinokura zvakaratidzwa kuve zvine mhedzisiro inobatsira, sezvo zvichigona kupa vazivi vemuchadenga kunzwa kwekufamba nechidimbu chePasi. Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakaedza kutsvaga zvirimwa zvine mhedzisiro inobatsira yepfungwa, sezvo zvingave chinhu chakakosha kune hutano hwepfungwa hwevashandi. Semuenzaniso, mastrawberries anogona kuvandudza mhinduro dzakanaka dzepfungwa, senge simba uye kuzviremekedza, kuderedza kushushikana uye kushushikana ukuwo coriander ichigona kuvandudza kunaka kwekurara.
Nekudaro, kurima-kwakavakirwa nzvimbo kurima kunonakidza padanho rekudya, zvepfungwa uye zvekurapa. Nekudaro, kushaikwa kwenzvimbo uye mamwe mamiriro ekukura anodzikamisa nhamba uye kusarudzwa kwezvirimwa.
Sarudzo chaiyo yembesa inoshandiswa inosiyana, zvichienderana nemaitiro akaongororwa uye munda (chikafu, chepfungwa nemishonga) chinodiwa. Zvimwe zvirimwa zvine sherufu refu-hupenyu zvinogona kuve zviri nyore, segorosi kana mbatatisi, asi zvine dhirivha yekuda kubikwa isati yadyiwa. Chimwe chinhu chekufunga nezve hurongwa hwekubereka uye nzira yekukumesa yezvirimwa, nekuti mhuka (sezvipembenene) hazvibvumidzwe pabhodhi.
Rondedzero yezvirimwa zvingakura mudenga yakatangwa, zvimwe zvacho zvakanga zvatorimwa mungarava. Vanyori vakasarudza maitiro ezvekudya uye agronomic semidziyo yekuvasarudza. Nokudaro, nokuda kwemigumisiro yepfungwa, kukosha kubva kune imwe (min) kusvika kune ina (max) yakakonzerwa nekuravira uye kutaridzika kwechirimwa kana chikamu chinodyiwa chechirimwa.
Tafura yezvirimwa zvakasiyana nekudya kwavo, kurapwa, agronomic uye psychological maitiro akakodzera mamisheni akareba munzvimbo.
Kukura zvirimwa muchitundumuseremusere
Space inopa maviri makuru manyuko ekushushikana kwezvirimwa: cosmic radiation uye microgravity.
Radiation inokanganisa kukura kwechirimwa uye inowedzera njodzi dzekushanduka kwemajini, saka kudzivirira zvirimwa kubva mumwaranzi kunofanirwa kuve kwekutanga. Nepo mwaranzi inogona kuvemo uchishandisa lead uye/kana nhovo dzemvura, izvi zvinomiririra humwe huwandu hwekuisa mu orbit. Mhinduro yakanaka, iyo yakabva kuLockheed Martin's Mars Base Camp (2018), ndeyekushandisa chengetedzo yemafuta sechidzitiro chemwaranzi.
Microgravity, kune rumwe rutivi, haikanganisi kukura kwechirimwa zvakanyanya, kunyangwe inogona kunonoka. Nekudaro, mhinduro yechirimwa inosiyana zvichienderana nemhando, sezvo microgravity inokanganisa chirimwa genome kutaura. Zvakaonekwa kuti, mu microgravity, zvinomera zvicharatidza mamwe majini ane hukama-kushushikana, akadai semajini anovhundutsa kupisa, uye kuwedzera kugadzirwa kwadzo kwemapuroteni ane chekuita nekushushikana. Uyezve, mbeu dzakawanikwa dziine huwandu hwakasiyana hwemetabolites uye kunonoka kumera.
Microgravity inokanganisawo microenvironment yechirimwa, sekushaikwa kwekufamba kwemhepo, kugadzira chimiro chisina kujairika chemuchadenga uye kuoma kwekudiridza (ine kana pasina tsigiro). Iko hakuna mhepo inotenderera munzvimbo yekunze, saka kana chiteshi chekukura chisina mhepo yakakwana chero gasi rinoburitswa nechirimwa rinoramba rakatenderedza pamusoro payo. Zvave zvichiratidzwa kuti kuunganidzwa kwegasi ethylene kutenderedza mashizha ezvirimwa kunoguma nekusakura kwemashizha. Mamwe magasi, senge kabhoni dhaikisaidhi, ari muhuwandu hwakanyanya muchikepe, anogona kuuraya kune zvimwe zvirimwa. Dambudziko rimwechete rinomuka pakudiridza kwezvirimwa, saka kugadzira nzira isinganyudze midzi inozodiwa.
Mhinduro yechirimwa kunharaunda yenzvimbo yakanyanya kuoma kuongorora. Zvimwe zvezvakatipoteredza, senge nzvimbo yakaganhurirwa, zvinogona kutungamira sarudzo yedu kumarudzi madiki. Nekudaro, zvimwe zvinhu zvakaita semhinduro yechirimwa kune microgravity inosiyana zvichienderana nemhando nemhando. Kunyange zvazvo kuedza kuchida kupfuurira, nhamba yakati yemiti yakatoedzwa uye yakarondedzerwa seinokwanisa kukura muchadenga uye tinogona kuishandisa sehwaro.
Kuvandudzwa kwekamuri rinozvimirira rechirimwa rinofukidza zvese zvinovaka muviri zvinodiwa nevanoona nezvemuchadenga zvinogona kutora makumi emakore asi kushandisa makamuri madiki sematanho ekuwedzera anogona kubatsira vashandi nekushomeka kwemavhitamini uye kudya kunovaka muviri (izvo zvinoshandurwa mukudya zvakaputirwa) uye kuderedza kuneta kwekudya.
Mark Vande Hei, Shane Kimbrough, Thomas Pesquet, Akihiko Hoshide naMegan McArthur veSpace X Crew-02 vachiratidzira negoho ravo remhiripiri tsvuku uye girinhi mhiripiri muISS muna 2021 yekuferefeta kwePlant-Habitat 04.
Bioregenerative life support system
Kudya chikafu chakaomeswa nechando pakudya kwega kwega kunogadzira kuneta kwemenyu uye vazivi vemuchadenga vanowanzodya zvishoma nekufamba kwenguva.
Muchitundumuseremusere, nzvimbo ishoma. Naizvozvo, kubudirira kweiyo mishoni kunoenderana neanovandudza masisitimu akaiswa muHupenyu Hutsigiro Systems (LSS) iyo inogona kudzokorodza yakashandiswa nyaya muzvinhu zvinoshandisika. The Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) yakaiswa muInternational Space Station (ISS) inogadzira okisijeni nemvura kuburikidza nekudzokorora carbon dioxide uye urini; hurongwa hwakafanana hunozodiwa kune refu spaceflights.
Pfungwa ye bioregenerative LSS (BLSS) yakazvarwa muna 1960s kuti ibatanidze kugadzirwa kwechikafu uye kudzokororwa kwemarara (semuenzaniso, tsvina) kune ECLSS. A BLSS ine mabhakitiriya uye algae inogona kushandiswa kudzoreredza nitrogen mumarara akasimba kudzokera mumhando inogona kushandiswa yenitrogen organic inogona kutorwa nezvirimwa. Kuedza kunotevera musimboti iwoyo - iyo Micro Ecological Life Support System Alternative (MELiSSA) - yakagadziridzwa uye yakaitwa neEuropean Space Agency kubvira kuma1990s.
Nekudaro, sezvo isu tichisanganisira zvidyarwa zvepamusoro muBLSS, isu tichada kudzidza kubatanidzwa kwavo nehumwe huripo hwekudzora matekinoroji, izvo zvinomiririra dambudziko idzva. Kuona mutengo uye kuenderera mberi kweaya madiki-chikafu-chikafu masisitimu ekugadzira zvirimwa zvinopa ruzivo rwakakosha rwekushanduka kuenda kuBLSS hombe.
Schematic dhizaini yechipiri dhizaini yeporous chubhu chirimwa chekukura unit.
Kugadzira imba yekukura kwechirimwa
Kushandisa hydroponic system kurima zvirimwa chinhu chinokwezva chingaitika, sezvo inokura zvirimwa mumvura pane kuvimba nevhu-rakafanana nehurongwa. Iyo yekupedzisira inowedzera huremu kune chitundumuseremusere uye njodzi yezvimedu zvinoyangarara zvakatenderedza, zvinhu zviviri zvinoita kuti zvishaire. Iyo Advanced Plant Habitat (APH) yakaiswa muISS yakatokura zvakasiyana siyana zvegorosi diki uchishandisa hydroponic system ine porous chubhu yekudiridza system yakamisikidzwa mumudzi module ine arcillite uye inononoka kuburitsa fetireza.
Kurerutsira mabasa evashandi vehorticultural uye kuona kuti zvirimwa zviri kukura munzvimbo yakanaka, kutenderera kwetsika kwezvirimwa kunoda kunyatsotariswa nekombuta. Yakadaro yekutarisa sisitimu yakaedzwa muna 2018 muAntarctica. Kushandisa imwe otomatiki sisitimu yekurima zvirimwa kunoita kuti vashandi vabatsirike kubva mukuvapo kwezvirimwa muspacecraft (nekuzvishandisa) uye kudzivirira nyaya yekurima kuti itore nguva yakawandisa. Chokwadi, kamuri inodiwa kurima zvirimwa haisati yanyatsotsanangurwa uye zviyedzo zvakati wandei munzvimbo dzakaita semuchadenga (seHI-SEAS) zvakaratidza kuti chiitiko ichi chinogona kureba.
Zvirimwa zvinokura zvakaratidzwa kuve zvine mhedzisiro inobatsira, sezvo zvichigona kupa vazivi vemuchadenga manzwiro ekufamba nechidimbu chePasi.
Chekupedzisira, NASA's Vegetable Production System, kana Veggie, (yakatangwa muna 2014), inopa nzvimbo inokura ye0.11 m², muenzaniso wakanaka wechikamu chekukura kwechirimwa chinogona kushandiswa muchikepe chechadenga, sezvo chakatoedzwa ISS. Panyaya yezvinodiwa nechiedza, ma LED anoshandiswa nemhando mbiri dzakasiyana: tsvuku (630 nm) uye bhuruu (455 nm) sezvo zvirimwa zvinokura zvakanyanya pasi pemafungu aya. Iyo yegirini LED inogona zvakare kudikanwa kuti ipe chirimwa ruvara rwayo rwechisikigo, nokudaro kurerutsa kuzivikanwa kwezvirwere uye kuyeuchidza vashandi vePasi.
Mizuna (Japanese cabbage), red romaine lettuce neTokyo bekana (Chinese cabbage) inorimwa muVeggie unit muISS.
Mamiriro emuchadenga anokonzeresa kushushikana kwevanhu nezvirimwa, saka magadzirirwo ezvirimwa zvinokwanisa kukura mundege uye kubatsira kudzikisa kushushikana kuri kuitwa nevanoongorora muchadenga.
Majini anosanganisirwa mumhinduro dzekushushikana kwezvirimwa akaonekwa asi kudzikisa kana kudzikisira izvo zvinokonzeresa masayendisiti anofanirwa kushandura mataurirwo emajini aripo kana kuwedzera nzvimbo-inogadzirisa majini mumajenomes. Izvi zvinogona kuwanikwa uchishandisa gene editing uye mamwe majini emumiriri akatove akaonekwa uye akadzidzwa. Semuyenzaniso, ARG1 (Altered Response to Gravity 1), jena rinozivikanwa kuti rinokanganisa mhinduro dzegiravhiti muzvirimwa zviri paPasi, rinobatanidzwa mukutaura kwemajini zana nemakumi maviri nenomwe ane chekuita nekuchinja kwemuchadenga. Mazhinji emajini akachinjwa mukutaura mukubhururuka muchadenga akawanikwa achitsamira paArg127, zvichiratidza basa guru rejini irori mukugadzirisa kwehupenyu hwemaseru asina kupatsanurwa kuenda kumhepo. HsfA1 (Heat Shock Factor A2) ine simba guru pakuchinja kwemuchadenga, semuenzaniso kuburikidza ne starch biosynthesis. Chinangwa ndechekukanganisa majini anokonzera kushungurudzika uye kukurudzira anobatsira.
Mamwe majini, anodaidzwa kunzi space-adaptation genes, senge majini ane hukama nemwaranzi, perchlorate, dwarfism uye kutonhora tembiricha, anogona kunge akakodzera kudzidza sezvo achizobatsira zvirimwa kuramba mamiriro akaomarara emuchadenga. Semuyenzaniso, tupukanana twakachinjirwa kune hypersaline nharaunda dzine majini ekupikisa UV uye perchlorate kuramba. Mazhinji madiki marudzi (eg gorosi) akatorimwa paISS uye diki cherry tomato 'Red Robin' inogona kurimwa muISS sechikamu chekuyedza kweNASA's Veg-05.
Tinokwanisawo kugadzira zvirimwa zvehutano hwevazivi vemuchadenga. Kukurudzira kuunganidzwa kwemishonga inobatsira, kugadzira zvirimwa zvinodyiwa nemuviri wese kuderedza tsvina, kana kugadzira zvirimwa zvinogadzira mishonga inopesana nemhedzisiro yemuchadenga pavazivi vemuchadenga inzira dzinogoneka dzekuita kuti zvirimwa zvibatsire vashandi.
A Whole-Body Edible and Elite Plant (WBEEP) zano rakashandiswa pazvirimwa zvembatatisi, kugadzira madzinde embatatisi nemashizha zvinodyiwa nekubvisa solanine kubva mazviri. Kudzivisa kugadzirwa kwayo, angave majini anoigadzira anonyaradzwa kana kuchinjwa nejene editing. Kugadzira mbatatisi iyi yeWBEEP kune zvakwakanakira sezvo chirimwa chiri nyore kurimwa chinopa simba uye chinoratidza kuti chinokwanisa kukura mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma semuchadenga. Miti yacho yakasimbiswawo kuti ikwane zvizere zvinodiwa nemuviri wemunhu.
Radiation inokanganisa kukura kwechirimwa uye inowedzera njodzi dzekushanduka kwemajini, saka kudzivirira zvirimwa kubva mumwaranzi kunofanirwa kuve kwekutanga.
Imwe yenyaya huru yehutano hwevazivi vemuchadenga mune microgravity kurasikirwa kwefupa density. Mapfupa edu anogara akaenzana pakati pekukura uye resorption, achibvumira mapfupa kuti apindure kukuvara kana kuchinja mukurovedza muviri. Kupedza nguva mu microgravity kunovhiringa chiyero ichi, kupeta mapfupa akananga kune resorption, saka vanoongorora nyeredzi vanorasikirwa nemapfupa. Izvi zvinogona kurapwa nemushonga unonzi parathyroid hormone, kana PTH, asi zvinoda majekiseni enguva dzose uye zvine hupenyu hupfupi hwesherufu, izvo zvinonetsa kune refu muchadenga. Naizvozvo, transgenic lettuce inogadzira PTH yakagadzirwa.
Kugadzira zvirimwa zvinokwanisa kukura muchadenga uye kuve zvekushandisa kune vanoongorora muchadenga kuchiri munhanho yekutanga yekutsvagisa. Zvisinei, tarisiro dzayo dzinovimbisa zvikuru uye dziri kuongororwa nemasangano makuru ose emuchadenga. Kuvaka imba yekukura kwechirimwa munzvimbo isingafadzi yenzvimbo ichiri kuda basa. Imwe yematambudziko ichave yekuwedzera iyo bioregenerative chikamu cheBLSS kune yagara iripo LSS. Rimwe dambudziko nderekuda kwesarudzo iri nani yezvirimwa zvinorimwa mubhodhi kuti zvikwanise kumira munzvimbo uye zvichipa goho rakakura. Asi nekuda kwekupararira kweruzivo mukuuchika zvirimwa, kugadziridzwa kwemajini muzvirimwa zvakasarudzwa kunovabvumira kuti vawedzere kujairana nemamiriro emuchadenga uye kuenderana nekudya uye hutano zvinodiwa zvevashandi.
Kunobva: https://room.eu.com