Jianming Xie1,2 & Jihua Yu1,2 & Baihong Chen1,2 & Zhi Feng1,2 & Jian Lyu1,2 & Linli Hu1,2 & Yantai Gan3 &
Kadambot HM Siddique4
1. Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory yeAridland Crop Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
2. Koreji yeHorticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
3. Agriculture neAgri-Food Canada, Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada
4. The UWA Institute of Agriculture uye School of Agriculture & Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia.
ngovepo
Mumatunhu/nyika dzine vanhu vane hupfumi huchikurumidza, seAfrica, China, neIndia, ivhu rinorimika riri kukurumidza kupera nekuda kwekuvakwa kwemadhorobha uye kumwe kushandiswa kwemaindasitiri kwevhu. Izvi zvinogadzira matambudziko asati amboita kuti agadzire chikafu chakakwana kuti chigutse kudiwa kwechikafu kwakawedzera. Mamirioni emahekita akafanana nerenje, asingarimeke anogona kugadzirwa kuti agadzire chikafu? Simba rezuva rakawanda rinowanikwa ringashandiswa kurima zvirimwa munzvimbo dzakadzorwa, dzakadai semagreenhouses ezuva? Pano, tinoongorora hurongwa hwekurima hutsva, hunoti "Gobi Agriculture." Isu tinoona kuti yekuvandudza Gobi yekurima system ine zvitanhatu zvakasiyana hunhu: (i) inoshandisa gwenga-senyika zviwanikwa zvine simba rezuva sesimba chete rekugadzira michero mitsva nemiriwo gore rose, kusiyana neyakajairwa kugadzirwa kwegreenhouse uko kudiwa kwesimba kuri. kugutsikana kuburikidza nekupisa mafuta emafuta kana kushandiswa kwemagetsi; (ii) zvikwata zvezvikwata zvekurima zvega zvinogadzirwa uchishandisa zvinhu zvinowanikwa munharaunda zvakadai sevhu revhu kumadziro ekuchamhembe ezvivakwa; 10-27 nguva yakakwirira uye zvirimwa zvekushandisa kwemvura zvinobudirira 20-35 zvakapetwa kaXNUMX pane zvechinyakare munda wakavhurika, masisitimu ekurimwa kwemadiridziro; (iv) chikafu chezvirimwa chinopihwa zvakanyanya kuburikidza neanogadzirwa organic substrates, izvo zvinoderedza synthetic inorganic fetireza kushandiswa mukugadzira zvirimwa; (v) zvigadzirwa zvine nzvimbo yakaderera yezvakatipoteredza pane kurima-mumunda nekuda kwesimba rezuva sesimba chete rinobva uye goho repamusoro pachikamu chekuisa; uye (vi) kunounza mabasa ekumaruwa, izvo zvinovandudza kugadzikana kwevanhu vekumaruwa. Nepo iyi system yakatsanangurwa sea "Gobi-land miracle" kuitira budiriro yemagariro nehupfumi, matambudziko mazhinji anofanirwa kugadziriswa, senge zvimhingamipinyi zvemvura, kuchengetedzwa kwechigadzirwa, uye zvinokonzeresa zvisikwa. Isu tinopa zano kuti marongero akakodzera anogadzirwa kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti hurongwa hunowedzera kugadzirwa kwechikafu uye kusimudzira magariro ehupfumi hwekumaruwa uku uchichengetedza nharaunda isina kusimba yezvakatipoteredza.
ziviso
Nyika inorimwa yekurima ishoma sosi (Liu et al. 2017) Munyika dzinokurumidza kusimudzira hupfumi, dzakaita seChina, India, neAfrica, ivhu rakawanda rinorimwa rakashandurwa kuita kushandiswa kwemaindasitiri (Cakir et al. 2008; Xu et al. 2000) Nekuda kwekukurumidza kukura kwemaguta kunokwikwidza ivhu nekurima (Zhang et al. 2016; Mueller et al. 2012), kune dambudziko risati ramboitika rekuwedzera kurimwa kwembesa kugutsa zvinodiwa nekudya uye zvido zvehuwandu hwevanhu huri kukura (Godfray et al. 2010) Zvinogoneka kuti nyika dzakasimukira dzine ivhu rakakura rinorimwa, seAustralia, Canada, neUSA, dzikakwanisa kushandura nzvimbo dzine huswa kuita ivhu rekurima misika yezviyo pasi rose. Nekudaro, kuita izvi kunogona kukurumidzira kurasikirwa kwekabhoni reserves uye kuve nekukosha, kukanganisa kwakashata pane zvakatipoteredza (Godfray 2011).
Munzvimbo dzakawanda dzakaoma uye dzisina mvura shoma, kune nzvimbo dzakakura dze "Gobi land" (inotsanangurwa senyika isingarimeke), kusanganisira 1.95 miriyoni mahekita enzvimbo yerenje mumatunhu matanhatu ekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweChina (Liu et al. 2010) China iri kushanda nesimba kuvandudza ivhu reGobi iri rekurima chikafu richishandisa nzira itsva yekurima, inonzi "Gobi Agriculture." Takatsanangura nzira yekurima iyi se "Sisitimu yekurima ine cluster yeakavakirwa munharaunda, solar-powered epurasitiki greenhouse-senge mayuniti ekurima ekugadzirwa kwezvinopa goho repamusoro, zvemhando yepamusoro zvibereko zvitsva (miriwo, michero uye zvishongo) nenzira inoshanda, inoshanda uye ine hupfumi." (Xie et al. 2017) Mune mamwe masisitimu emasumbu akaomesesa, mamiriro ekunze muzvikamu zvega anogona kutariswa uchishandisa data logger. Kusiyana neyakajairwa greenhouses kana magirazi magirazi uko kupisa uye kutonhora (mari mbiri mikuru inobatanidzwa mukugadzira greenhouse) inowanzo kupihwa nekupisa mafuta emafuta (dhiziri, mafuta emafuta, mvura petroleum, gasi) inowedzera CO.2 kuburitsa, kana kushandisa maheater emagetsi anopedza simba rakawanda (Hassanien et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2017), "Gobi Agriculture" masisitimu anotsamira chose pasimba rezuva rekudziya, kutonhora, uye kushandurwa kwesimba rechisikigo kuita biomass yezvirimwa.
Mumakore achangopfuura, kushandiswa kwevhu reGobi kugadzira chikafu kwave kubuda nekukurumidza muChina (Zhang et al. 2015) Mumatunhu ekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero, nzira dzekurima dzeGobi dzinoburitsa chikamu chikuru chemiriwo inodyiwa mudunhu. Iyi sisitimu iri kuita basa rakakosha mukuona kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu, kuwedzera kugadzikana kwemagariro, uye kusimudzira nharaunda yekumaruwa. Vazhinji vanotora iyi Gobi land agriculture a "nyika itsva" hurongwa hwekurima. Chinhu chakakosha chehurongwa mukana wekugadzirwa kwechikafu pane imwe nyika isingabereki. Iyi hurongwa hwekurima hutsva hunogona kunge huri danho rekuchinja kune zvekurima kwemazuva ano. Zvakadaro, pane kushomeka kweruzivo rwekufambira mberi kwesainzi kweGobi-ivhu kurima masisitimu. Mibvunzo mizhinji yasara isina kupindurwa: Ko hurongwa uhu huchashanduka huchishanduka kuita indasitiri huru yekugadzira muriwo here? Kurimwa kwevhu reGobi kuchakanganisa sei eco-environment munguva refu? Inogona here izvi "made-in-China" modhi yekurima inoshanda kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakaoma dzine ivhu riri kudzikira, sekuchamhembe kweKazakhstan (Kraemer et al. 2015), Siberia (Halicki uye Kulizhsky 2015), uye nechepakati kumatunhu ekuchamhembe kweAfrica (de Grassi uye Salah Ovadia 2017)?
Tichifunga nezvemibvunzo iyi, takaita ongororo yakazara yemabhuku pane zvichangobva kuitika uye zvakakosha zvakawanikwa zvine chekuita nekurima. Zvinangwa zvebepa rino zvaive (i) kuratidza kufambira mberi kwesainzi kweGobi-land kurima masisitimu akatorwa kuchamhembe kweChina, kusanganisira goho rezvirimwa, kushandisa zvakanaka kwemvura (WUE), hunhu hwekushandisa zvinovaka muviri uye simba, uye zvinogona kukanganisa zvipenyu nemhoteredzo; (ii) kukurukura matambudziko makuru akatarisana nehurongwa, sekuwanikwa kwemvura yekudiridza, kunaka uye kuchengetedzeka kwegoho, uye zvinogona kukanganisa kugadzikana kwenharaunda yekumaruwa nebudiriro; uye (iii) kupa mazano pamusoro pekugadzwa kwemitemo uye zvinonyanya kukosha pakutsvakurudza kwekuongorora kune utano uye kuvandudzwa kwenguva refu kwemaitiro ekurima kwevhu reGobi.
Ongororo pfupi yezvivakwa zveGobi land system
Kuti tinzwisise kuti chirongwa chekurima kwevhu reGobi chinoshanda sei, tapa tsananguro pfupi yemagadzirirwo adzo, mainjiniya, uye kuvaka. Rumwe ruzivo pamusoro pezvivakwa zviri muongororo ichangoburwa (Xie et al. 2017) Kurimwa kweminda yeGobi kunovambwa paminda yeGobi isina kurimwa uko kusingagone kurimwa zvirimwa zvechinyakare. Nzvimbo dzeGobi dzinovakwa mukati "masango" yezvikamu zvekugadzira zvega. Nzvimbo yakajairwa yakaunganidzwa ine akati wandei (kusvika mazana) ega ega kurima zvikamu kana dzimba (Fig. 1a). Iyo microclimatic mamiriro mune yega yega chikamu chekurima inotariswa nepakati pekutonga nzvimbo uko kure kure sensors,
Microclimatic mamiriro, senge tembiricha yemhepo uye humidity, inogona kugadziridzwa mune mamwe mayuniti ekurima, nepo mamwe masisitimu ekutarisa achibvumira otomatiki fertigation. Mamwe matekinoroji epamberi akadai seInternet yezvinhu (Wang uye Xu 2016) kana Indaneti yezvinhu (Li et al. 2013) inogona kuiswa munzvimbo yekudzora kuti ipe kuverenga kwakaringana kweiyo microclimatic data inotapurirwa kubva kumayuniti ekurima ega. Nekudaro, izvi hazvina kuitwa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekudhura.
Chimiro chekurima chiri mukati menzvimbo yakaungana chakananga kumabvazuva-kumadokero uye ine madziro matatu kumusoro, kumabvazuva, uye kumadokero kwechivakwa. Rutivi rwezasi rwechimiro idenga rakarereka rinotsigirwa nesimbi furemu uye rakafukidzwa neyakajeka inopisa firimu repurasitiki (Fig. 2) Denga rakarereka zvakafanira kuti ive nechokwadi chekufambiswa kwechiedza mukati mezuva (Zhang et al. 2014) Simba rinobva kuzuva rinochengetwa mukupisa kwemadziro uye rinobudiswa sokupisa usiku. Munguva yechando, denga rakafukidzwa nemasanga emumba manheru ega ega kuchengetedza tembiricha yemukati (Tong et al. 2013).
Chinhu chakakosha chega yega chikamu chekurima madziro ekuchamhembe anovakwa kubva munzvimbo dzinowanikwa zvinhu senge zvidhinha zvevhu (Wang et al. 2014), zvidhinha zvemashanga (Zhang et al. 2017), zvidhinha zvakajairika zvine styrofoam (Xu et al. 2013), bhururuka madota masonry units (Xu et al. 2013), zvidhinha zvevhu zvakasanganiswa nesamende dhaka (Chen et al. 2012), nyika yakanyungudutswa (Guan et al. 2013), kana ivhu mbishi rakasanganiswa nematombo ekongiri. Mune mamwe mayuniti, madziro ekuchamhembe anovakwa kubva "phase-kuchinja zvinhu" kukwirisa kuchengetedza kupisa uye kuchinjanisa, uye, nekudaro, kuderedza tembiricha yekuchinja kwekukura kwechirimwa (Guan et al. 2012).
Imwe yemisiyano yakakosha pakati peGobi land clustered zvivakwa uye zvechinyakare greenhouses kana magirazi magirazi ndiko kunobva simba. Imwe neimwe chikamu chekurima mu clustered Gobi land system inopihwa simba rose ne solar energy. Mwaranzi yezuva inotorwa nemadziro ekuchamhembe mukati mezuva uye inoburitswa husiku. Simba risina kushandiswa mukati mezuva ndiro rinoshanda simba rinoshanda usiku. A "kuchenesa mvura" sisitimu inowanzo shandiswa kupa kupisa kwekuwedzera mukati mehusiku hwechando, uko chikamu chidiki chepasi mukati mechikamu chinozadzwa nemvura yekushandisa seyekutsinhana-kupisa media (Xie et al. 2017) Pakati pezuva, mvura inotenderera uye inopfuura nemaketeni anotora mvura, nekupisa kwakanyanya kubva kumagetsi ezuva akachengetwa mumvura yemvura; usiku, mvura inodziya inotenderera uye inopfuura nemaketeni emvura nekupisa kunoburitswa kumhepo mukati mechikamu. Kubudirira kwekuchengetedza simba mu "kuchenesa mvura" sisitimu inotsamira pane zvakawanda zvinhu, senge yakananga solar radiation, isotropic diffuse solar radiation kubva mudenga, kujeka kwemhepo, uye kupisa kwemhepo kubva mufirimu repurasitiki riri padenga (Han et al. 2014) Nekushanduka kwemasisitimu ekurima, mamwe masisitimu ekudziya ari kugadzirwa kuti agadziriswe kuchengetedza kupisa uye kuburitswa.
Scientific development yeGobi land chirimwa masisitimu
Midziyo yekurima Gobi yakasiyana neyechinyakare kurima mbesa apo zvirimwa zvinonwiwa nemvura kana kudiridzwa. Izvo zvakare zvakasiyana nekurima zvirimwa mune zvakajairwa greenhouses kana magirazi magirazi uko simba rinonyanya kupihwa negasi rechisikigo kana magetsi. Gobi ivhu rekurima masisitimu ane akasiyana maficha, mamwe acho anoratidzwa pazasi.
Kuwedzera goho
Zvirimwa zvinorimwa muminda yeGobi zvinobereka zvakanyanya nekushandisa zvakanaka kwevhu zvakanyanya (kureva, goho regoho pachikamu chemunda unoshandiswa) pane kurima kwechinyakare mumunda. Semuenzaniso, nzvimbo yekumabvazuva yeHexi Corridor muNorthwest China ine nguva refu (1960).-2009) nguva yegore yezuva ye2945 h, yegore inoreva tembiricha yemhepo 7.2 ° C, uye nguva isina chando yemazuva zana nemakumi mashanu (Chai et al. 2014c); mayunitsi ekupisa anodarika kukwana kugadzira chirimwa chimwe pagore asi haakwani kuburitsa zvirimwa zviviri pagore pasi pemaitiro echinyakare eminda yakavhurika. Muchirongwa cheGobi-land, mbesa dzinogona kurimwa mumwedzi yakawanda kana gore rose. Avhareji yegore negore goho pamusoro pemakore mashanu (5-2016) muminda yekurima paJiuquan Experimental Station yaive 34 t ha-1 zve muskmelon (cucumber melo L.), 66 t ha-1 zvevise (Citrullus lanatus L.), 102 t ha 1 kune mhiripiri inopisa (Capsicum annuum, C. frutescens), 168t ha 1 zvegaka (cucumis sativus L.), uye 177 t ha 1 zvematomatisi (Solanum lycopersicum L.), ayo ari gumi-27 nguva dzakakwirira kupfuura idzo dziri mumagariro akavhurika masisitimu pasi pemamiriro ekunze akafanana (Xie et al. 2017) Migumisiro yakafanana yakaonekwa kune imwe nzvimbo kuchamhembe kweChina, seWuwei kumucheto kumabvazuva kweChina.
Hexi Corridor. Izvi zvibereko zvezvibereko zvakaverengerwa panzvimbo yevhu inotorwa nezvikamu zvekurima, pamwe chete nenzvimbo dzinowanzogoverwa nezvikamu zvega mukati mehumwe hutongi hwekutonga. Nzvimbo dzakajairika ndedzekutakura zvinhu zvekupinza uye kushambadzira zvigadzirwa.
Kuvandudzwa kwekushandisa kwemvura
Rimwe rematambudziko makuru ekurima munzvimbo dzakawanda dzakaoma uye dzinonaya mvura shoma kushomeka kwemvura. Kuchengetedza mvura kana kuvandudza WUE (goho regoho payuniti yemvura inopihwa, inotaridzwa sekg ha-1 goho m-3 mvura) mukurima zvirimwa zvakakosha pakurima. Midziyo yekurima yeGobi inopa zvakanakira kuchengetedza mvura, uko zvirimwa zvinoshandisa mvura shoma pane chirimwa chimwechete chinorimwa muminda yakavhurika. Somuenzaniso, pamusoro 4 makore (2012-2015) yezviyero muGobi land station system muJiuquan County, tomato inoda 385.-466 mm yese yekudiridza, evapotranspiration yemwaka yaibva pa350 kusvika 428 mm, uye madomasi anorema aibva pa86 kusvika pa152 t ha.-1. Zvimwe zvirimwa zvikuru zvemuriwo zvakawana yakakwira WUE (kg mitsva mitsva m-3), kusanganisira 15-21 mvura yemuskmelon, 17-23 yemhiripiri inopisa, 22-28 yemavise, 2835 yemagaka, uye 35-51 kg yematomatisi. Mune ino system, iyo WUE yemadomasi, semuenzaniso, yaive makumi maviri-35 yakapetwa kakuru pane zvirimwa zvakafanana zvinorimwa mumunda unorimwa, wakavhurika-munda masisitimu (Xie et al. 2017).
Iyo nzira yekunatsiridza WUE muGobi land masisitimu hainzwisisike. Tinokurudzira kuti zvikonzero zvikuru zvinopa zvinosanganisira zvinotevera: (a) kuwanda kwekudiridza kunoshandiswa kune zvirimwa muGobi land systems inobva pane zvinodiwa nezvirimwa zvekukura zvakakwana (Liang et al. 2014) iyo inofanotemerwa uye inodzorwa kuburikidza neyakaiswa mvura mita (Fig. 3a). Zvichienderana neiyo unit operator's ruzivo uye ruzivo, nzira yakagadziriswa yekudiridza inowanzoshandiswa (Fig. 3b) iyo inoderedza madiridziro ekudiridza pamatanho asina-akakosha ekukura (Chai et al. 2014b) Kudiridza kushomeka kwakapfava kunogona kukurudzira masisitimu edziviriro echirimwa kuti awedzere kushivirira kune kusanaya kwemvura (Romero naMartinez-Cutillas. 2012; Wang et al. 2012) Hukuru hwemhedzisiro yekudiridza kushomeka kwekudiridza pakuita kwechirimwa kunosiyana nemhando dzezvirimwa uye zvimwe zvinhu (Chen et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2010); (b) nzira dzekudiridza mumasimisheni ekurima kweGobi dziri kugara dzichivandudza, zvekuti irrigation yepasi pevhu (Fig. 3c) ikozvino ndiyo inonyanya kufarirwa nzira yekudiridza; (c) nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuvharisa dzinoshandiswa kuderedza kubuda kwemvura pamusoro pevhu. Nzvimbo yekudyara mukati mechikamu chekurima inowanzovharwa nefirimu repurasitiki munguva yekukura (Fig. 3d), kusanganisira nzvimbo dziri pakati pemitsara yezvirimwa (Fig. 3e). Kuderedza kufefeterwa uye kuwedzera hunyoro hwemweya hunenge huri zvinhu zviviri zvakakosha pakushandisa mvura zvakanaka; (d) imwe muzana yemvura yakabuda kubva pasi pevhu inodzokororwa mukati mechikamu chekurima nekuti kurima kuri muhurongwa hwakavharika; uye (e) hunyanzvi hwekurima hwekurima hunoshandiswa pakutarisira zvirimwa muchikamu chekurima (Fig. 3f), sekuchekerera matavi kuti awedzere kupinda kwechiedza (Du et al. 2016), optimizing ventilation kuenzanisa CO2 yechirimwa photosynthesis uye chiitiko chechirwere (Yang et al. 2017), uye kufefetedza nzvimbo yemidzi yekudiridza kwemazuva mashoma kuti ideredze kubuda kwevhu (Li et al. 2016); zvose zvinobatsira kuwedzera goho nekusimudzira WUE.
Kuvandudzwa kwekushandisa zvinovaka muviri
Kusiyana nekurima kwakavhurika kwechinyakare uko mafetireza ekugadzira ndiwo anonyanya kukonzera kudya kwezvirimwa, zvinhu zvakasiana-senge huswa hwezvirimwa, mupfudze wezvipfuyo uye zvinogadzirwa kubva kuindasitiri yechikafu, maitiro ekugadzira simba, uye kudzoreredza tsvina yevanhu.-ndiyo inonyanya kudya kunovaka muGobi land cultivations systems. Izvo zvinoraswa zvinomiririra imwe nzira kune yekushambadzira midhiya inoshandiswa muyakajairwa greenhouse kugadzira. Kuti ukwanise kuita se substrate yekurima Gobi ivhu, organic zvinhu zvinofanirwa kuve neanotevera maitiro (Fu et al. 2018; Fu uye Liu 2016; Fu et al. 2017; Ling et al. 2015; Song et al. 2013): (i) low bulk density, high porosity, uye yakakwirira-yekubata mvura; (ii) yakakwira cation yekutsinhana masimba uye zvicherwa zvemukati zvemukati, uye yakakodzera pH uye EC; (iii) kukwidziridzwa enzyme basa, rinowanzoitwa nekuwedzera zvakakodzera microorganism strains; (iv) mwero wekuderera zvishoma nezvishoma; uye (v) kusava nemhodzi yesora uye utachiona hunokonzerwa nevhu. Rudzi rwezvinhu, nzira yekugadzirisa, dhigirii rekuora, uye mamiriro ekunze anogadzirwa ma substrates anogona kukanganisa muviri, makemikari, uye zvipenyu zvimiro zve organic zvinhu uye, nekudaro, substrate mhando (Fu et al. 2017; Song et al. 2013).
Kugadzirwa kweyakajairwa kumba substrate kunosanganisira akati wandei matanho (Fig. 4a): (i) mashanga echirimwa (sechibage) anotorwa kubva mumichina yekurima yakavhurika mumisha yeko, inoendeswa kunzvimbo iri pedyo nenzvimbo, inochekwa kuita 3.-Zvimedu zvemasendimita mashanu, usati waisa fetireza yenitrogen yakaderera (5 kg N pa1.4 kg yemashanga echibage akaoma) kugadzirisa chiyero cheC:N checompost kusvika pa1000:15; (ii) inenge 1 kg ye microorganism inoculation chigadzirwa pa 1 kg ye organic material inowedzerwa; (iii) nhanho yekutanga yekuvirisa inosanganisira kurongedza mashanga pasi (semuenzaniso, 1000 m kureba x 1 m yakafara pasi uye 1.2 m yakafara kumusoro) usati waputira nepurasitiki firimu; (iv) tembiricha yemurwi inotariswa uye mvura inowedzerwa kuchengetedza hunyoro huri pa3.0-65% ye optimum microorganism basa; (v) chikamu chechipiri chekuvirisa chinoda kukanganisa stack yega yega 68 mazuva uye kutarisa tembiricha kumusoro 30 cm. Iyi nguva yekuvhiringidza inovimbisa kuti tembiricha uye unyoro zvinochengetwa padanho rakakwana rekuita kwe microbial; uye (vi) kutenderera zuva 32-34 mushure mekuviriswa, zvinhu zvinoendeswa kunzvimbo yekuchengetera yakagadzirira kushandiswa mukurima. Iyo substrate yekumba inowanzoiswa pa2-3t ha 1 kunzvimbo dzekurima mukati mechikamu chekurima uye inogona kushandiswa kwemamwe makore mukurima isati yatsiviwa. Izvo zvinovaka muviri zvema substrates zvinogona kudzoserwa padanho rekugadzira nekuwedzera kunze kunovaka muviri (Fig. 4b). Iwo mashanga eiyo organic substrate anowanikwa munharaunda, uye mazhinji ematanho ekugadzira anoshandisa michina yakavakirwa-mumba.
Mafambisirwo anoitwa chikafu chesubstrate kune zvirimwa chinosiyana pakati pezvivakwa zvemasumbu. Vazhinji varimi kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweChina vanoshandisa chero (1) mugero system, uko migero (kazhinji 0.4)-0.6 m yakafara, 0.2-0.3 m kudzika, ne0.8-1.0 m pakati pemigero yakatarisa kuchamhembe-kumaodzanyemba nzira) inogadzirwa pasi mukati mechikamu chekurima, chakakomberedzwa nekongiri, zvidhinha kana zvidhinha, zvakazadzwa ne substrate isati yadyarwa (Fig. 5a), uye yakafukidzwa nefirimu repurasitiki kuti mbesa dzikure kuburikidza (Fig. 5b). Kana yangovakwa, migero inogona kushandiswa kuenderera mberi kugadzirwa kweanopfuura makore makumi maviri; kana (20) yose-yebhegi substrates, apo substrate inoputirwa mune ega epurasitiki masaga (yakajairika dimension yebhegi 2 m dhayamita uye 0.5 m kureba) mune yakavharwa micro-environment. Mishonga inoburitswa mumabhegi sezvo zvirimwa zvinokura (Fig. 5c). Makomba anogadzirwa pamusoro pemasaga ekudyara mbeu (Fig. 5d) uye kudiridza kudonha nemumakomba.
Nzira mbiri idzi dzinosiyana pamaitiro avo. Nzira yegoronga inobvumira varimi kuti vawedzere nyore fetereza kune ma substrates pazvinenge zvichidiwa. Kune zvimwe zvirimwa, senge watermelon, kuwedzera inorganic fetiraiza kunodiwa kuti uve nechokwadi chekubudirira. Dzimwe ongororo dzakaratidza kuti kushandisa manyowa emuvhu pamwe chete nefetireza yeinorganic kunogona kuwedzera goho asi kunosiya wakasara muvhu uye huwandu hwenitrate-N muvhu repamusoro (Gao et al. 2012) Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti nzira yebhegi rose inobereka zvakanyanya kupfuura iyo trench system (Yuan et al. 2013) nokuti mabhegi akaputirwa anoita kuti substrate iparadzaniswe mumuviri kubva pasi; saka, kuderedza mukana wekusvibisa substrates nevhu rinotakura zvirwere. Zvakangodaro, iyo yemuviri uye yemakemikari zvimiro zveiyo substrate (mumigero kana mabhegi akaputirwa) inogona kushata nemwaka wega wega wekurima (Rwiyo et al. 2013), iyo inoderedza simba rekupa chikafu (Rwiyo etal. 2013) Saka, kuvandudzwa kwe substrate kunodiwa.
Kuwedzera kushandiswa kwesimba
Gobi ivhu kurima masisitimu ari zvachose solar-simba rakavakirwa. Chimiro chakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza kudziya kwakawanda sezvinobvira nekushandisa uye kuchengetedza simba kubva kuzuva. Kureba kwezuva nezuva, kusimba kwemwaranzi yezuva, uye mazuva epagore asina chando akakosha pakudziyisa zvikamu zvekurima. Kumabvazuva kusvika pakati peHexi Corridor, seWuwei County (37° 96' N, 102° 64' E), Dunhu reGansu, inzvimbo inomiririra uko Gobiland akaungana zvivakwa zvakanangana. Avhareji 6150 MJ m 2 gore negore mwaranzi yezuva uye mazuva 156 asina chando anoita kuti mhando dzakawanda dzezvirimwa zvemuriwo zvikure nemhando yepamusoro. Kuvandudza mashandisirwo emagetsi ezuva, mamaneja emayuniti ekurima anoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana siyana kuwedzera kupisa kwekuchengetedza uye kuwedzera kupisa kuburitswa, senge kaviri-matanho edema firimu repurasitiki rakanamirwa kumadziro ekuchamhembe (Xu et al. 2014), mahwendefa emavara anochengetedza kupisa akaiswa padenga (Zuva et al. 2013), ivhu risina kudzika rinotora kupisa-kupisa masisitimu ekuwedzera mukati memhepo tembiricha (Xu et al. 2014), uye pasi geotextile inoshandiswa sevhavha yepasi kuchengetedza kupisa. Zvakare, mapombi ekupisa kwezuva anoshandiswa kudzora tembiricha yemvura mumatangi ekupisa emvura mune mamwe mayuniti ekurima (Zhou et al. 2016) Munguva pfupi yapfuura, mahwendefa emavara anochengetedza kupisa akaiswa pamusoro pedenga remba kuti awedzere kunyudza kupisa (Sun et al. 2013) Mune mamwe eakaomesesa solar greenhouses muakaungana kurima nzvimbo, tekinoroji yezuva repamusoro inoshandiswa kuvandudza chengetedzo yemafuta, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi, uye kushandiswa kwechiedza (Cuce et al. 2016) Kushandiswa kwesimba rezuva pakugadzira zvirimwa zvegreenhouse kwafambira mberi munzvimbo/nyika zhinji (Farjana et al. 2018), kusanganisira Australia, Japan (Cossu et al. 2017), Israeri (Castello et al. 2017), uye Germany (Schmidt et al. 2012), pamwe nenyika dzichiri kusimukira dzakadai seNepal (Fuller neZahnd 2012) uye India (Tiwari et al. 2016) MuChina, kuisirwa kwemazuva ano solar modules kunodhura parizvino, paine inofungidzirwa kubhadhara nguva ye9 makore (Wang et al. 2017) Isu tinofungidzira kuti sezvo nzira yekurima ichishanduka nehunyanzvi hwezuva nezuva, nguva yekubhadhara ichapfupika.
Kupisa kwemhepo mukati nekunze kwezvivakwa zvemasumbu kunogona kubva pa20 kusvika pa35 °C munguva yechando inotonhora kuchamhembe kweChina. Semuenzaniso, munzvimbo dzezuva paLingyuan (41° 20' N, 119° 31' E) mudunhu reLiaoning, kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweChina, mune 12-m span, 5.5-m kureba, 65-m kureba solar greenhouse ine kupisa-kuburitsa masisitimu, tembiricha yehusiku-yemhepo mukati yakasvika 13 ° C nepo kunze kwaive. -25.8 °C, musiyano we39 °C (Sunetal. 2013).
Kushandiswa kwesimba rezuva pakugadzira chikafu chinhu chakakosha che "Gobi Agriculture" masisitimu kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweChina. Izvi zvinosiyana kubva kune echinyakare greenhouses kana magirazi magirazi anoda ekunze magetsi ekuisa zvirimwa, izvo zvinogona kudhura mune zvehupfumi uye zvakatipoteredza (Hassanien et al. 2016; Canakci et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2017) Semuenzaniso, avhareji yegore remagetsi mashandisirwo emagetsi munzvimbo dzakajairwa greenhouses anogona kupfuura 500 kW hmy (Hassanien et al. 2016), nemari inokwira seUS$65,000150,000 pagore (muTurkey nyaya yekudzidza) (Canakci et al. 2013) Pasi rose, kuwedzera kwezvakajairwa kugadzirwa kwechirimwa chegreenhouse kwakadzikira nekuda kwekushandiswa kwakanyanya kwesimba uye kunetsekana nekubuda kwekabhoni.
Kubatsira kwezvakatipoteredza
Kupisa magreenhouse ekurima nemafuta efossil, akadai semarasha, oiri, uye gasi rechisikigo, zvinokonzeresa kuburitsa kabhoni uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze. Solar-powered Gobi land cultivations inopa zvakagadziridzwa zvikomborero kwezvakatipoteredza nekuda (i) kuderedzwa kwesimba rekushandisa, sezvo chirimwa chezvirimwa chinovimba zvachose nemagetsi ezuva, kusiyana nedzimba dzegirazi dzemazuva ose apo simba rinopiwa kuburikidza nemagetsi kana gasi rechisikigo rinobudisa mhepo huru yegreenhouse gasi; (ii) kunatsiridza kuchengetedza kwemvura, sezvo kurimwa kwezvirimwa kunoitika pasi pedenga rakafukidzwa nepurasitiki rine kuderera kwevhu remhepo uye chiyero chepamusoro chekuchinja: evaporation. Kudiridza kunotariswa uye kudzorwa nekombuta yepakati inogonesa kudiridza chaiko nekurasikirwa kwemvura kushoma; (iii) Yakaderedzwa greenhouse gasi kubuda kweiyo yose system (Chai et al. 2012) kana tsoka yehuremu hwehuremu hwemuriwo mutsva zvichienderana nehupenyu hwekutenderera kuongorora (Chai et al. 2014a) Zvirimwa zvakarimwa munzvimbo dzemasumbu zvine goho rakanyanya kukwira pachikamu chimwe chete chekuisa (senge fetereza, nzvimbo yekushandisa ivhu) ine CO yakawanda yemumhepo.2 inoshandurwa kuita biomass yekudyara kuburikidza neyakagadziridzwa photosynthesis pane yakavhurika-minda yekurima masisitimu (Chang et al. 2013); uye (iv) kushandiswa kwemacompost substrates kunogona kuwedzera ivhu kabhoni nekufamba kwenguva (Jaiarree et al. 2014; Chai et al. 2014a).
Dzimwe nyaya dzekuongorora dzakafungidzira net CO2 kugadziridzwa nezvirimwa mune solar-simba simba epurasitiki kurimwa masisitimu panguva kasere yakakwirira kupfuura yechinyakare yakavhurika-munda masisitimu (Wang et al. 2011) Zvimwe CO2 kugadzirisa muzvikamu zvekurima zvinoreva kushoma CO2 kuburitsa kumhepo (Wu et al. 2015) Hukuru hwemhedzisiro inosiyana nenzvimbo yenzvimbo uye chimiro chezvikamu zvekurima (Chai et al. 2014c) Zvidzidzo zvakaratidzawo kuti kurima nzvimbo kunobvumira zvirimwa kugadzirisa yakawanda CO2 kubva mumhepo uku uchiburitsa mashoma egreenhouse magasi pakg yechigadzirwa (Chang et al. 2011) Hapana kumwe kudziya kunopihwa kumayuniti ekurima, kunyangwe munguva yechando, kuchengetedza anenge 750 Mg ha.-1 yesimba richienzaniswa neyakajairwa, marasha-anopisa greenhouse kugadzirwa (Gao et al. 2010) Kurimwa kweGobiland ndeye kabhoni-smart system yekudzikisa kuburitswa kwegasi regreenhouse. Nekudaro, kuongororwa kwehupenyu hwekurima kwenzvimbo kunoshaikwa mumabhuku, uye tsvakiridzo yakadzika inodiwa kuti uongorore kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kweaya masisitimu ekurima.
Kubatsira kwezvakatipoteredza
Kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweChina kwakapfuma muchiedza chezuva uye zviwanikwa zvekupisa zvine zuva repagore rinobva pa2800 kusvika 3300 h. Kuvandudzwa kweakasanganiswa solar-energy Gobi ivhu rekurima masisitimu anogona kushandura chiedza uye kupisa zviwanikwa kuita kugadzirwa kwechikafu uye kupa zvakakosha mabhenefiti ezvakatipoteredza, mamwe acho anoratidzwa pazasi.
Chekutanga, ivhu reGobi rinoshandiswa kugadzira zvirimwa zvemhando yepamusoro kuitira kuchengetedza chikafu. MuChina, avhareji yevhu rinorimika pa100 capita i8 ha (FAOSTAT 2014), iri pasi pe52 ha muUSA, 125 ha muCanada, uye 214 ha muAustralia. Zviwanikwa zveCropland muChina zviri kudzikira nekukurumidza nekuda kwekukurumidza kukura kwemaguta. Yakatarisana nenzvimbo shoma inorimika pamunhu, pamwe nenzvimbo yezvirimwa iri kushandiswa kuvaka maguta, China yakatora danho rakakosha rekuongorora ivhu reGobi rakawanda rekurima zvirimwa (Jiang et al. 2014) Kurima kwechinyakare hakugoneke parudzi rwerenje, nyika yeGobi isingabereki (Fig. 6a). Kuvakwa kwenzvimbo dzekurima dzakaungana panzvimbo yeGobi kunopa akasiyana maficha ekudzikisa kusawirirana kwevhu pakati pekurima nemamwe zvikamu zvehupfumi (Fig. 6b) uye kubatsira kuchengetedza chikafu chenyika ine vanhu vakawanda.
Chechipiri, hurongwa hwekugadzira hunonyanya kushandisa zviwanikwa zvinowanikwa munharaunda. Imwe neimwe chikamu chekurima muhurongwa chinovakwa uye chinotsigirwa nemafuremu akagadzirwa nematanda, bamboo, kana simbi. Munguva yechando, magumbeze euswa anogadzirwa munharaunda imomo kana kuti magumbeze embatya dzinopisa anokungurutswa padenga rakatenuka kuti awedzere kudzivirira. Madziro ekuchamhembe emayuniti ekurima anovakwa zvakare achishandisa zvinhu zvinowanikwa munharaunda, senge simbi-yakaumbwa uye mashanga-akaiswa zvidhinha (Fig. 7a), masaga ejecha (Fig. 7b), ibwe-musanganiswa wesimende (Fig. 7c), kana zvidhinha zvakajairika (Fig. 7d).
Zvishandiso zvinowanikwa munharaunda zvinopa zvakakosha zvezvakatipoteredza uye zvehupfumi nekuti zvinogona kuwanikwa zvisingadhure kana kuunganidzwa mahara (semuenzaniso, matombo nematombo munzvimbo dziri pedyo dzerenje), nezvifambiso zvishoma. Zvakare, michina yekutakura zvinhu, kugadzira substrates, uye kurima zvirimwa yave kuwanikwa zvishoma nezvishoma pakurima masumbu; izvi zvinobatsira kugadzirisa kushomeka kwevashandi vekurima mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzekumaruwa muChina.
Chechitatu, iyi nzira yekurima inopa mikana yekusimudzira ecology yedunhu. Muchikamu chikuru chekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweChina, nyika yeGobi haina zvinomera (Fig. 6a) zvichikonzera nharaunda dzisina kusimba. Kukukurwa nemhepo kunowanzoitika uye kunowedzera kuipa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Madutu ehuruva anowanzobva kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kazhinji achienda kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeAsia. Kuvandudzwa kwesimba resolar rakasanganiswa nzvimbo dzekurima hakungogone chete kupindura panguva imwe chete mukudzikira kwekuwanikwa kwenzvimbo yakakodzera muChina, asi kunobata basa mukuderedza kusasimba kweecosystem mugwenga kuenda kunzvimbo dzakaoma kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweChina (Gao et al. 2010; Wang et al. 2017) Kushandurwa kwevhu rakasiiwa reGobi kuita ivhu rekurima kungabatsira kutanga hurongwa hutsva hwezvakatipoteredza, huchachinja chitarisiko chekare uye kushongedza nharaunda.
Migumisiro pakugadzikana kwevanhu vekumaruwa
Kusimukira kwehupfumi hwenyika kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweChina kwasara kumashure kwematunhu epakati nekumabvazuva, nematunhu mazhinji enharaunda ari pasi pehurombo hwenyika. Kuongororwa kwenzvimbo dzakakura dzevhu reGobi rekurima michero nemiriwo kunovhura musuwo wedunhu rino kuti rikurumidze kusimukira kwehupfumi hwevanhu. Inoshandura kushata kwekuparara kwegwenga reGobi kuita kwakanakira hupfumi hwedunhu, kwete kungosimudzira indasitiri yezvekurima chete asi kutyaira mamwe maindasitiri, izvo zvinobatsira kudzikamisa nharaunda dzekumaruwa. Hurongwa hwekurima hwemutengo wakaderera uhwu huri kuita chiitiko chakakosha mukuunganidza nharaunda dzekumaruwa.
Kurimwa kweGobi-ivhu kunosimudzira kugadzirwa kwechikafu uye kuwedzera mari yemumba. Munzvimbo dzine tembiricha dziri pamusoro -28 °C munguva yechando, magreenhouse ane simba rezuva anoshandisa zvizere simba rezuva uye ivhu risingarimeke kuti ribudise michero nemiriwo gore rose. Zvirimwa zviri muzvikamu zvekurima zvakasanganiswa zvinopa goho rakawanda kudarika kugadzirwa kwemunda wakavhurika nereshiyo yepamusoro yezvekushandisa kune zvinobuda. Isu takaongorora kubuda kwehupfumi mune gumi nemana zvidzidzo ne14 solar-energy nzvimbo yekurima zvikamu (Xie et al. 2017) kuwana avhareji yemari inowanikwa USD $56,650 ha 1 y 1, kuva 10-30 nguva yakakwirira kupfuura iyo kubva kuvhu-munda kugadzirwa panzvimbo imwechete ye geological saiti. Nekuda kweizvozvo, purofiti kubva mukurima muriwo yaive 10-15 yakapetwa kakuru pane yakavhurika miriwo kugadzirwa uye makumi manomwe-125 yakapetwa kaXNUMX pane chibage chemumunda (Zea mays) kana gorosi (Hordeum vulgare) Kubudisa.
Kutangwa kwezvirongwa zvitsva zvekurima izvi zvinogadzira mikana yemabasa kumaruwa. Kurimwa kwenzvimbo kunoshandura nguva yechando kuita mwaka wakabatikana, unobereka, izvo zvinogadzira mikana yebasa rekumaruwa, kunyanya munguva yechando apo mhuri dzemapurazi dzinowanzogara. "kumba-ndoga" pasina basa. Kugadzirwa uye kutengeswa kwemichero nemiriwo kunoda kushanda nesimba. Vazhinji vashandi vekumaruwa vanogona kugoverwa kune kurima nzvimbo (Fig. 8a), nepo mamwe achigona kugoverwa kutakura uye kushambadzira kwegoho kunharaunda kana nharaunda dziri pedyo (Fig. 8b). Kunyanya kukosha, kugadzirisa, kuchengetedza, kuchengetedza, uye kutengeswa kwezvibereko zvitsva kunopa kamwe-usipo mikana yebasa, iyo inobatsira kuvaka nharaunda inowirirana munharaunda (Fig. 8c) uye rally nharaunda yekumaruwa mweya.
Iko hakuna mishumo yakaburitswa yekuti iyo clustered kurima system ingakanganisa sei budiriro yenharaunda yekumaruwa. Tinokurudzira kuti masisitimu aya abatsire hupenyu nekugadzikana kwevanhu vekumaruwa. Kugadzwa kweGobi minda yekurima kunoita kuti kurima kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweChina kuwedzere kupfuura muganho wekutanga wekugadzira. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kugarika kwenharaunda uye kugadzikana kwenguva refu kunowedzerwa nekuti (i) matekinoroji matsva anogara achigadzirwa kuti avandudze kurima kweGobi, sekuuchika mbesa, kuvandudzwa kwesubstrate, uye nzira dzekudzivirira tumbuyu, inova nzira yakakosha kuti nharaunda dzekumaruwa dzisimbe. nzira yakagadzikana; (ii) Kurimwa kwenzvimbo kunopa gore rose kupihwa michero mitsva nemiriwo kunharaunda, kugutsa izvo zvakawedzera zvinodiwa zvevagari vepakati-kati kune zvimwe zvinovaka muviri uye zvine hutano chikafu; uye (iii) kugadzwa kwehurongwa hutsva hwekurima kunobatsira kusimbisa kubatana kwemukati memapoka emadzinza madiki, sezvo vagari vemapoka emadzinza madiki vachida chikafu chakasiyana chine maitiro akasiyana, izvo zvinogutswa kubva mumwaka wegore rose zvibereko zvekurima.
Matambudziko makuru
Gobi minda yekurima masisitimu ave kubuda nekukurumidza muChina mumakore achangopfuura aine mukana wekuwedzera nzvimbo dzezvivakwa uye mazinga ekugadzira (Jiang et al. 2015) Nekudaro, zvimwe zvimhingamipinyi uye matambudziko zvinofanirwa kugadziriswa.
Zvinetso zvezviwanikwa zvemvura
Rimwe rematambudziko makuru ekurima kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweChina kushomeka kwemvura. Kuwanikwa kwegore negore kwemvura yakachena kwakadzikira pa<760 m3 pamunhu y 1 (Chai et al. 2014b) MuHexi Corridor yeGansu Province, kunaya kwepagore kuri <160 mm ukuwo kubuda kwepagore kuri> 1500 mm (Deng et al. 2006) Mazhinji minda yaimbove nezvibereko padyo neSilk Road yanga iri "kumbomira" mumakore achangopfuura nekuda kwekushomeka kwemvura. Kurimwa kwembesa kwakawanda kunoshandisa zvechinyakare "mafashamo" kudiridza kunodarika 10,000 m3 ha-1 pamwaka wekurima (Chai et al. 2016) Kudzvinyirirwa kwezviwanikwa zvemvura kungangowedzera kushatisa nharaunda uye kupedza zviwanikwa zvisingadzokerike zvepasi (Martinez-Fernandez naEsteve. 2005) Kugadzirwa kwemuriwo kunoda mvura yakawanda munguva yekukura kwenguva refu, uye kunaya kwemvura hakugone kusangana nezvinodiwa zvekukura kwechirimwa. MuHexi Corridor yeGansu Province, uko masisitimu ekurima akaungana akawedzera nekukurumidza mumakore achangopfuura, tsime guru remvura kumatunhu ese rinobva mukuunganidzwa kwechando muGomo reQilian munguva yechando, nekunyungudika kwechando muchirimo ichipa nzizi nemvura yepasi. mipata (Chai et al. 2014b) Mumakumi maviri emakore adarika, kuyerwa kwechando paGomo reQilian kwakakwira kumusoro pamwero we0.2 kusvika 1.0 m pagore (Che naLi. 2005), nepo tafura yemvura yepasi mumipata (inopihwa nemvura kubva mumakomo) yakaramba ichidonha, uye kuwanikwa kwemvura yepasi kwakadzikira zvakanyanya (Zhang 2007) Nekuda kweizvozvo, mamwe maoasi echisikigo ari parutivi rwekare Silk Road ari kunyangarika zvishoma nezvishoma. Kumwe kucherwa kwemakamuri emvura kwakashandiswa kuchengetedza kunaya kwemvura kuti ipe mvura yekuwedzera, asi kushanda kwacho kunowanzo kuderera. Maitiro ekuchengetedza mvura kana kusimudzira WUE mukugadzirwa kwezvirimwa kwakakosha pakubudirira kwenguva refu kweGobi minda yekurima.
Mamiriro ezvipenyu asina kusimba
Kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweChina, kupihwa kwevhu kwakashata. Makomo nemipata, pamwe chete nenzvimbo dzakasvibira nenyika yeGobi, zvinoita kuti pave nemhoteredzo yezvakatipoteredza yakaoma kunzwisisa. Kusanaya kwemvura kunogara kuchiitika uye madutu eguruva ari kuwedzera nharaunda yezvakatipoteredza. Inenge 88% yenzvimbo yese yeGansu Hexi Corridor yakatambura kuita gwenga, uye mutsara wegwenga uri kufamba uchienda kumaodzanyemba kuenda kumapurazi. Mamiriro echisikigo munharaunda yekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweChina akatsanangurwa se "mhepo inovhuvhuta matombo kwose kwose nouswa husingamereki;" mufananidzo wemhoteredzo yemhoteredzo isina kusimba. Kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwemishonga yezvipembenene mukurima kwenzvimbo injodzi inogona kuitika kwezvakatipoteredza uye njodzi yehutano kuvashandi. Kushaikwa kwemishonga yakakodzera yezvekudzoreredzwa organic substrates kunogona kusvibisa matsime emvura yepasi, zvichiunza kunetseka kune veruzhinji.
Zvinetso zvezviwanikwa zvevashandi
Kuwanikwa kwevashandi mukurima kunowanzova kwakaderera uye hakuna kukwana, sezvo vashandi vechidiki vakawanda vanoenda kumaguta kuti vawane chouviri, zvichiita kuti pave nekushomeka kwevashandi vekurima mumaruwa. Mitemo yehurumende yekuti varimi vade kurima haikodzeri budiriro yevagari vekumaruwa izvo zviri kuwedzera dambudziko rekushomeka kwevashandi vekumaruwa. Zvakare, purazi remhuri sechikamu chekurima chakazvimirira chinoramba chiri nzira huru yekutarisira mapurazi, uye marongero azvino ehurumende pamusoro pevaridzi vevhu anogona kurambidza varimi kutenga nekutengesa minda, izvo zvinogona kutadzisa kuvandudzwa kwenzira dzekurima. Pamusoro pezvo, mazinga edzidzo kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero anowanzo kuderera pane epakati nekumabvazuva matunhu. Hurumende yeCentral yakadzika mitemo yekumanikidzira dzidzo yenyika yose, asi vanhu vazhinji kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero havakwanisi kupedza makore mapfumbamwe edzidzo. Zvose zviri pamusoro apa zvinogona kuumba nharaunda isina kunaka yevashandi vekumaruwa, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa kusimudzirwa kukuru kweGobi land center systems.
Kuenderera mberi kwehupfumi
Nekuvandudzwa kwemararamiro, vatengi vanoda huwandu hwezvitsva zvemhando yepamusoro uye kukosha kwekudya. Kune huwandu hukuru hwevanhu (kunyanya vane Hui neDongxiang identity) kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero vane tsika yekudya yemiriwo, inoda zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana kuti zvizadzise zvavanoda. Izvi zvinogadzira mikana yemisika mitsva ine zvigadzirwa zvitsva. Zvakadaro, musika wezvirimwa zvitsva zvinopihwa neGobi minda yekurima unogona kuzara nyore nekuti huwandu hwevanhu vematunhu matanhatu ekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero vanongoita 6.6% chete yenyika.'s yakazara, ine mari yakaderera kwazvo inoraswa pamunhu. Muna 2012, GDP per capita mumatunhu matanhatu ekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero yakasvika 26,733 Yuan (yakaenzana neUS $4100), yaive 31% pasi penyika.'s pakati. Mari yakaderera ine vatengi vashoma inogona kudzikisira kusimukira kwemisika mitsva munzvimbo dzemunharaunda uye kutakura njodzi dzakakura dzekusimbaradza kwehupfumi munguva refu. Zvidzidzo zvinodikanwa kuongorora kuti hurongwa uhu hungave hwakamira sei, uye chii chingaitwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti hupfumi hwayo hunogara kwenguva refu. Tinoona kuti kune mukana mukuru wekutengesa zvirimwa zvitsva kunzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda pakati nepakati penyika. Isu tinokurudzira kuti zvinonyanya kukosha pakuwedzera kwemusika zvinotarisa pane: (i) kumisa zvinodaidzwa "dhiragoni-cheni" marketing logistics inobatanidza "kurima-vatengesi-re-tailers-vatengi" mucheni inokosha; (ii) kuvandudza masisitimu ekufambisa epakati pedunhu akanangana nekufambisa kwezvinhu zvekurima; uye (iii) kugadzira nzira dzekutonga kwemhando, inishuwarenzi yekuchengetedza, uye mitengo yakanaka.
Chigadzirwa chemhando uye hutano
Heavy metal concentrations yakakwira mune imwe nzvimbo ivhu pane muminda yakavhurika. Zvigadzirwa zvakarimwa dzimwe nguva zvine njodzi yakakwira quotients yesimbi inorema pane yakavhurika miriwo (Chen et al. 2016), pamwe nekuti tsvina yevanhu uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinoraswa zvakabatanidzwa mumasubstrates. Mune zvimwe zvivakwa, mafetireza ekugadzira akawandisa anosvika 670 kg N ha 1, pamwe ne1230 kg N ha 1 kubva kune organic zvinhu senge manyowa, anoshandiswa gore negore kugadzira miriwo (Gao et al. 2012) Pamusoro pezvo, firimu repurasitiki rinoshandiswa padenga uye chivharo chevhu muzvikamu zvekurima zvinowanzobatanidzwa ne esters ye phthalic acids inowedzerwa panguva yekugadzirwa kwefirimu repurasitiki. Panogona kuve nenjodzi dzehutano dzenguva refu kune varimi vakafumurwa kune zvinosvibisa (Ma et al. 2015; Wang et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2015) Iwo mazinga e phthalates muvhu reChinese anowanzo ari pamucheto wepamusoro wepasirese (Lu et al. 2018), uye zvirimwa munzvimbo dzakagadzirwa nepurasitiki zvakanyanya zvinogona kunge zvine yakakwira phthalates (Chen et al. 2016; Ma et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2015) Kuratidzwa kwevashandi kune phthalates kunogona kutakura njodzi dzehutano (Lu et al. 2018) Tsvagiridzo inodiwa kuumba nzira dzinoshanda dzekudzikisa kuwanda kwephthalate muzvigadzirwa. Ngozi yekutevera huwandu hwephthalates kuhutano hwevanhu inogona kunge isiri kana diki asi inoda kusimbiswa. Iwo echikumbaridzo mazinga eheavy metal concentrations anofanirwa kutsanangurwa mumagumo-zvigadzirwa. Dzimwe nzira dzakaomarara dze bioremediation dzingada kugadzirwa kuti ivhu rigadzirise kusvibiswa kwesimbi yakakwira kuti kuderedze mhedzisiro yeinorema heavy metal concentration.
Kuisa mitemo yekusimudzira budiriro muGobi land systems
Clustered nzvimbo yekurima masisitimu ave kukura nekukurumidza kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweChina. Muna Chikumi 2017, inenge 3000 ha yevhu reGobi yakanga iri pasi pekurimwa muGansu Province chete. Iyi nzvimbo ine geographical zvakanakira muriwo kugadzirwa, kusanganisira nguva yakareba yezuva, kusiyana kukuru kwekushisa pakati pemasikati neusiku, uye denga rakajeka risina kusvibiswa kwemhepo. Zvivako zvekurima masisitimu anoonekwa sea "Gobi land miracle" neChina's socioeconomic development. Isu tinokurudzira zvinotevera-zvirongwa zvekuisa zvakakosha kuti tive nechokwadi chekuvandudzwa kwehurongwa nekugadzikana kwenguva refu.
Kuenzana pakati pekuongorora nekudzivirira
Tinokurudzira kuti mitemo igadziriswe inotarisisa "kuchengetedza nharaunda yezvakatipoteredza paunenge uchiongorora nyika yakawanikwa," zvichireva kuti kuvandudzwa kweminda yeGobi haifaniri kukanganisa nharaunda. Iro mutemo unofanirwa kutsanangura nzira yekusimbisa sisitimu kugadzirwa uku uchisimudzira kusimudzira ecological. Environmental credits, "green insurance," uye "kutenga green" inofanirwa kutariswa uye kuverengerwa mukuongororwa kwekuchengetedza system. Mitemo inodiwawo pakushandiswa kwefetereza yemakemikari, simbi dzinorema nezvinhu zvinokuvadza, mishonga inouraya zvipembenene yakasara, uye kudzokororwa kwemafirimu epurasitiki, pakati pezvimwe. Mamwe marongero chaiwo anofanirwa kuumbwa kuti atarise zvakakosha zvenzvimbo. Semuyenzaniso, nzvimbo dzekuchengetera mvura dzinofanirwa kuvakwa padivi penzvimbo dzekurima kumadokero kweHexi Corridor uko pari zvino nzira yekufambisa yemvura yekudiridza inotakura njodzi huru dzekurasika kwemvura panguva yekufambisa nekudiridza.
Gadzira matanho akarongeka ekushandisa mvura uye kuchengetedza mvura
Kuti tishandise zvizere nyika yeGobi yakawanda kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweChina, mutemo wakaomarara uye wakasimba wekushandisa mvura unofanirwa kuvepo. Zvinonyanya kukosha zvinosanganisira: (i) mitemo yekuchengetedza zviwanikwa zvemvura ye "kuyerwa kwemvura,""kudzora kuchera mvura," uye "hova nezvitubu simba" ine mirau ine hudzamu pamusoro pekodzero dzemvura, quotas, kuchaja, nekudzora kunaka; (ii) kuvakwa kwenzvimbo dzekuunganidzira uye dzekuchengetera mvura yemvura inonaya uchishandisa tekinoroji yekuchengetera mvura, kushandiswa kwakakwana kwezviwanikwa zvemvura pamusoro pemvura, kuongororwa kwakarongwa kwemvura yepasi pevhu, uye kuita hurongwa hwemvumo yekutora mvura; (iii) kusimbisa mabasa emasangano ekutonga pamatanho ese kudzora kugoverwa kwemvura, kubvisa tsvina yemvura, uye kukurudzira kushandiswa zvine musoro kwezviwanikwa zvemvura; (iv) kuvandudzwa kwenzira dzekurima dzinochengetedza mvura, kusanganisira kubva mumafashama kana kudiridza muforo kuenda kune yekudiridzira pasi pevhu, kushandisa mulch kuderedza kubuda, nekuvandudza nzira dzekudiridza muminda; uye (v) kwenguva yakareba, kusimudzirwa kwekupfuya mbeu dzinoshingirira kusanaya kwemvura, kuvandudza masisitimu ekurima, nekuvandudza zvivakwa zvekuvaka nzvimbo.
Simbisa agro-technology innovation
Tekinoroji inoita basa rakakosha mukusimudzirwa kwakasimba kweGobi minda yekurima; sekudaro, mutemo wetekinoroji unofanirwa kuvhara: (i) kuvakwa kwenzvimbo dzekuvandudza nzvimbo uye zviteshi zvekuyedza, kugadzwa kwe "chinangwa chemari" yakanangana nemasisitimu ekurima kweGobi kuti agadzirise nyaya dzekukurumidzira, uye kuwedzera mari mukutsvagisa/kuratidzira uye matekinoroji mapuratifomu; (ii) kuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwekuwedzera masisitimu - uko mitemo yehurumende inosimudzira masangano ekutsvagisa pamatanho ese kuti aite mukurumbira wehunyanzvi - uye kuumbwa kwemahofisi ehunyanzvi emuno kuti aite mabasa ehunyanzvi kumaruwa; (iii) kutorwa kwematanho ekukwezva nekuchengetedza vashandi kuti vashande munzvimbo isina budiriro yekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero; (iv) kuwedzera dzidzo yevarimi kupfuura makore 9 anosungirwa, kusimudzirwa kweruzivo rwetekinoroji kuvanhu vekumaruwa kuburikidza nekudzidziswa kwehunyanzvi hwemabasa emawoko, nekusimudzira chizvarwa chitsva chevarimi kuti vashandise ruzivo rwezvekurima; uye (v) kuvandudzwa kwezvirongwa zvekudzidziswa kwakakosha nemayunivhesiti uye masangano ekutsvagisa evashandi vetekinoroji yekurima kusimudzira matekinoroji.
Rongedza cheni yekudya
Huwandu hwemichero nemiriwo mitsva inogadzirwa munzvimbo dzakaunganidzwa kazhinji inodarika iyo inodiwa nenharaunda uye dziri pedyo dzekumaruwa nemaguta. Kutakurwa nenguva kwezvirimwa zvinyoro kuenda kune mimwe misika yemunyika nekumhiri kwemakungwa kuchaita kuti kugadzirwa uye kushambadzira kuenzane. Mitemo inodiwa kufambisa nzira dzekushambadzira uye kutakura zvinhu. Mbeu dzinofanira kugadzirwa kuti dzikwane zvinodiwa nemisika yakasiyana-siyana inovhara zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvigadzirwa uye zvinonaka zvakakodzerwa nemapoka emarudzi nezvitendero zvakasiyana. Gwaro rinofanirwa kutsigira misika yemisika, zvitoro zvezvitoro, inotonhora chain logistics, uye ruzivo-kutarisa masisitimu. Gwaro rinogona kudiwa pamafambisirwo ezvifambiso, kusanganisira kuvakwa kwenjanji huru dzinoenda nechepakati nekumabvazuva kweChina, pamwe nekuwana nzira dzepamusoro penyika muRussia, Outer Mongolia, Western Asia, neEurope.
Ridzai varimi vane hunyanzvi
Varimi ndivo vatambi vakuru mubudiriro yemagariro ehupfumi kumaruwa, asi varimi vechidiki vazhinji vatamira kumaguta kuti vawane mari, vachisiya minda isina zvirimwa kwemakore paine zvishoma kana kusabereka mune dzimwe nzvimbo (Seeberg neLuo. 2018; Ye 2018) Gwaro rinodiwa rinotsigira kuwedzera mari yekurima kubva mukugadzirwa kwechikafu kukurudzira varimi vechidiki kuti vagare mumapurazi, izvo zvinozopedzisira zvavandudza kugadzikana kwehupfumi hwenharaunda dzekumaruwa. Chinhu chakakosha chegwaro iri chinofanira kurima rudzi rutsva rwevarimi vane zvitupa zvakavandudzwa uye hunyanzvi hwekutungamira, zvichibatsira kusimuka kubva kumapurazi echinyakare, kuzviriritira, emhuri madiki kuenda kumabhizimusi makuru ekurima - nzira yekuvandudza kurima kwemazuva ano kuChina. Mutemo wevhu uripo ungada kuvandudzwa, zvichibvumira varimi vane hunyanzvi, vane hunyanzvi kuti vawedzere mapurazi avo uye nekusimudzira hutariri hwemapurazi, pazvinenge zvakakodzera.
Gadzirai hurongwa hwakanaka hwekushandira vanhu
Nharaunda dzekumaruwa dziri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero hadzina kuvandudzwa kare zvichienzaniswa nepakati nekumabvazuva kweChina. Mitemo inodiwa kumisa masisitimu anoshanda ezvemagariro evanhu anotarisisa kuvandudza dzidzo, hutano nemabasa, uye kusimudzira mwero wehupenyu hwese. Zvekurima ndiro bhizimusi guru munharaunda dzekumaruwa. Mitemo inodiwa kukurudzira kuvandudzwa kwemakorasi makuru ekurima kuti ashandise zvakanaka zviwanikwa zvevhu nemvura nemari yakawedzerwa kumhuri dzemapurazi. Pachirongwa chekurima Gobi-ivhu, panodiwa gwara rekusimudzira kurima mbesa, kugadzira chikafu, nekugovewa kwezvigadzirwa munharaunda nenharaunda dziri pedyo. Kurongeka kwakakwenenzverwa/kugovaniswa kwenzvimbo dzekurima munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzinodiwa kugutsa zvinodikanwa zvakasiyana zvevatengi zvemichero mitsva nemiriwo padanho redunhu/renzvimbo uye kuongorora mikana padanho repasi rose. Gwaro rinodiwa zvakare kuti ive nechokwadi chekuchengetedzeka uye mhando yezvigadzirwa kubva kune masisitimu ezvivakwa anodonongodza kuchengetwa, kutakura, uye kutenderera kwezvigadzirwa zvitsva kunze kwemwaka kudzikisa njodzi yekurasikirwa nekutsva uye kunaka.
mhedziso
Zviwanikwa zvevhu ndizvo zvakakosha mukurima uye zvine chekuita nematambudziko epasi rose ekuchengetedza chikafu uye mararamiro emamiriyoni evanhu vekumaruwa. Huwandu hwepasi rose hunofungidzirwa kuti huchasvika bhiriyoni 9.1 panosvika 2050 uye kugadzirwa kwechikafu munyika dzichiri kusimukira kunoda kupeta kaviri kubva padanho ra2015. Zviwanikwa zvevhu zviri pasi pekunetseka kwakanyanya munyika dzichiri kusimukira nekuda kwekukura kwemaguta kunokwikwidza kuwana ivhu nekurima. China yakagadzira nzira itsva dzekurima zvirimwa pamunda weGobi, dzinoti "Gobi Agriculture," iro rinosanganisira boka rezvizhinji (kusvika kumazana) zvekurima zvega zvega zvakagadzirwa kubva kune zvinowanika munharaunda uye zvinofambiswa nesolar simba. Iwo epurasitiki-akafukidzwa, greenhouse-akafanana ekurima mayuniti anogadzira zvemhando yepamusoro michero nemiriwo mitsva gore rose. Isu tinofungidzira kuti masisitimu aya achafukidza mahekita 2.2 miriyoni panosvika 2020, zvichiva musimboti wekugadzirwa kwechikafu muChina.'s nhoroondo yezvekurima. Muongororo iyi, takaona zvimwe zvakasarudzika zvemasisitimu ekurima, kusanganisira kuwedzera kubereka kwevhu pachikamu chekuisa, yakagadziridzwa WUE, uye yakawedzera mabhenefiti ezvakatipoteredza uye zvakatipoteredza. Iyi sisitimu yekurima inopa yakanakisa mikana yekutsvaga zviwanikwa zvemuno kupfumisa vanhu vekumaruwa uye kuve nechokwadi chekugara kwenguva refu kwenharaunda dzekumaruwa. Hurongwa uhu hunotarisanawo nematambudziko makuru anoda kugadziriswa.
Isu takaona dzimwe nyaya dzakakosha uye dzadzo dzinoenderana dzekutsvaga nzvimbo dzepedyo-nguva (3-5 makore) izvo zvaizobatsira kusimudzira kusimba kweiyi yakasarudzika nzira yekurima. Tinokurudzira zvakasimba kuti mitemo yehurumende yakakodzera uye hurongwa hwebasa revanhu munzvimbo dzekumaruwa hunogadzirwa kuti tive nechokwadi chekubudirira kwehupfumi uye eco-environmental sustainable of Gobi-land cultivation systems.
Kutenda Vanyori vanoda kutenda vese vakapa nguva yavo nesimba mukuita tsvagiridzo iyi, uye vashandi veVegetable Technical Service Center yeSuzhou District, Jiuquan, neWuwei Agricultural Extension Services, Wuwei, Gansu, nekupa imwe data. uye mapikicha anoratidzwa muchinyorwa.
Mari Chidzidzo ichi chakatsigirwa nemari pamwe chete neve "State Special Fund yeAgro-Scientific Research muPublic Interest (nhamba yerubatsiro 201203001),""China Agriculture Research Systems (nhamba yekupa CARS-23-C-07),""Gansu Province Sainzi neTekinoroji Key Project Fund (nhamba yekupa 17ZD2NA015)," uye "Special Fund yeScience & Technology Innovation uye Development Inotungamirirwa neGansu Province (nhamba yekupa 2018ZX-02)."
Kuteerera nemitemo yakanaka
Kurwisana kwekufarira Vanyori vacho vanotaura kuti havana kupokana kwekufarira.
Open Access Ichi chinyorwa chakagoverwa pasi pemitemo yeCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), iyo inobvumira kushandiswa kusingabvumirwi, kugovera, uye kubereka mune chero nzira, chero iwe uchipa chikwereti chakakodzera. kune vekutanga munyori (va) uye kwakabva, ipa chinongedzo kune Creative Commons rezinesi, uye ratidza kana shanduko dzakaitwa.
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