Sachin G. Chavan (1,2,*) , Zhong-Hua Chen (1,3), Oula Ghannoum (1) , Christopher I. Cazzonelli (1) and David T. Tissue 1,2)
1. National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney
Yunivhesiti, Bhegi Yakakiiwa 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; z.chen@westernsydney.edu.au (Z.-HC); o.ghannoum@westernsydney.edu.au (OG); c.cazzonelli@westernsydney.edu.au (CIC); d.tissue@westernsydney.edu.au (DTT)
2. Global Center for Land Based Innovation, Hawkesbury Campus, Western Sydney University,
Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
3. Chikoro cheScience, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
* Tsamba: s.chavan@westernsydney.edu.au; Tel.: +61-2-4570-1913
ngovepo: Kurimwa kwezvirimwa zvakachengetedzwa kunopa nzira yekusimudzira kugadzirwa kwechikafu pakatarisana nekusanduka kwemamiriro ekunze
uye kuendesa chikafu chine hutano zvakachengetedzeka nezviwanikwa zvishoma. Zvisinei, kuita nzira iyi yekurima
zvine hupfumi, tinofanirwa kufunga nezve mamiriro ekurima akachengetedzwa mumamiriro ezvinhu aripo
matekinoroji uye zvinoenderana nezvirimwa zvehorticultural. Ongororo iyi inoburitsa mikana iripo
uye matambudziko anofanirwa kugadziriswa nekuenderera mberi nekutsvagisa uye hunyanzvi mune ino inonakidza asi
yakaoma munda muAustralia. Indoor purazi zvivakwa zvakakamurwa zvakanyanya muzvikamu zvitatu zvinotevera
mazinga ekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji: yakaderera-, yepakati- uye yepamusoro-tekinoroji nematambudziko anoenderana
izvo zvinoda mhinduro itsva. Uyezve, zvinogumira pakukura kwechirimwa chemukati uye kuchengetedzwa
kurima masisitimu (semuenzaniso, kudhura kwesimba kwakakwira) kwakaganhurira kushandiswa kwekurima kwemukati kune zvishoma
zvishoma, zvirimwa zvakakosha. Nekudaro, isu tinofanirwa kugadzira mbesa nyowani dzakafanira kurima mukati
izvo zvinogona kusiyana kubva kune zvinodiwa pakugadzirwa kwemunda wakavhurika. Mukuwedzera, kuchengetedzwa kwezvirimwa
zvinoda kudhura kwekutanga-kutanga, vashandi vane hunyanzvi vanodhura, mashandisiro emagetsi akanyanya, uye tupukanana
uye kutonga kwezvirwere uye kutonga kwehutano. Pakazara, kurima zvirimwa zvakachengetedzwa kunopa mhinduro dzinovimbisa
kuitira kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu, uku ichideredza carbon footprint yekugadzirwa kwechikafu. Nekudaro, kune indoor
kugadzirwa kwezvirimwa kuve nemhedzisiro yakanaka mukuchengetedzeka kwechikafu chepasi rose uye kudya kunovaka muviri
kuchengetedzwa, kugadzirwa kwehupfumi kwezvirimwa zvakasiyana kuchave kwakakosha.
Keywords: kuchengetedzwa kwezvirimwa; vertical farm; ivhu-shoma tsika; kugadzirwa kwezvirimwa; indoor Agriculture;
kuchengetedzwa kwezvokudya; kugadzikana kwezviwanikwa
1. ziviso
Huwandu hwepasi rose hunotarisirwa kusvika kunosvika bhiriyoni gumi muna 10, nehuwandu hwekukura hunofungidzirwa kuti huchaitika mumaguta makuru pasi rose [2050]. Sezvo huwandu hwevanhu huchiwedzera, kugadzirwa kwechikafu kunofanirwa kuwedzera uye kuzadzisa zvinovaka muviri uye zvinodiwa zvehutano panguva imwe chete ichizadzisa zvinangwa zveUnited Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) [1,2]. Kudzikira kwevhu rekurima uye kushata kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze pakurima kunopa mamwe matambudziko anomanikidza kuvandudzwa mune ramangwana masisitimu ekugadzira chikafu kuzadzisa kudiwa kuri kuwedzera mumakumi mashoma emakore anotevera. Semuyenzaniso, mapurazi ekuAustralia anogara achioneswa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye anotapukirwa nekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kwenguva refu. Kusanaya kwemvura nguva pfupi yadarika kumabvazuva kweAustralia muna 3,4-2018 uye 19-2019 kwakakanganisa mabhizinesi epapurazi, nekudaro zvichiwedzera mhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze pakurima kweAustralia [20].
Kurima kwakadzivirirwa, kunozivikanwawo sekurima kwemukati [6]-kubvira pa-low-tech polytunnels kusvika pakati-tekinoroji, nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa zvakatipoteredza, kusvika kudzimba dzegirazi 'smart' dzepamusoro-soro nemapurazi emukati-zvinogona kubatsira kusimudzira kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu chepasi rose muna 21st. zana remakore. Nekudaro, kunyangwe chiono cheguta rinozvimirira richinakidza senzira yekugadzirisa matambudziko anhasi, kutora kurima kwemukati hakuna kufanana
kufara uye tariro yevatsigiri vayo. Kurimwa kwezvirimwa zvakadzivirirwa uye kurima kwemukati kunosanganisira kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwehunyanzvi uye otomatiki kugadzirisa mashandisirwo evhu, nekudaro zvichipa mhinduro dzinonakidza dzekuvandudza kugadzirwa kwechikafu mune ramangwana [7]. Munyika yose, kukurudzirwa kwekurima kwemaguta [8,9] kwagara kuchiitika mushure mematambudziko asingagumi uye / kana akanyanya, akadai sechiedza uye nzvimbo muNetherlands; kuparara kweindasitiri yemotokari muDetroit; kuparara kwemusika wezvivakwa paUS East Coast; uye Cuban missile dambudziko blockade. Zvimwe
Kukurudzira kwakauya nenzira yemisika iripo, kureva, kurima zvirimwa zvakachengetedzwa kwakawedzera muSpain [10] nekuda kwekuwana nyika nyore kumisika yeNorthern Europe. Pamwe chete nematambudziko aripo, denda reCOVID-19 ririkuenderera mberi rinogona kupa simba rinodiwa kushandura kurima kwemadhorobha [11].
Kana kurima kwemadhorobha kuchizoita basa rakakosha mukuvandudza kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu nekudya kwevanhu, kunofanirwa kuyerwa pasi rose kuitira kuti ive nekwaniso yekukura huwandu hwakawanda hwezvigadzirwa nenzira ine simba-, zviwanikwa- uye inodhura kupfuura. pari zvino zvinogoneka. Mikana mikuru iripo yekuvandudza goho uye kunaka nekubatanidza kufambira mberi mukutonga kwezvakatipoteredza, kutonga kwezvipembenene, phenomics uye otomatiki.
nekuedza kupfuya kwakanangana nehunhu hunovandudza zvivakwa zvezvirimwa, kunaka kwechirimwa (kuravira uye kudya kunovaka muviri) uye goho. Kukura kwakasiyana-siyana kwezvirimwa zvazvino uye zviri kubuda maererano nemhando dzechirimwa dzechinyakare, pamwe nemishonga yemishonga, inogona kukura mumapurazi anodzorwa nenharaunda [12,13].
Iko kudiwa kuri kuuya kwekuvandudza kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu mumadhorobha uye kuderedza kabhoni tsoka yechikafu inogona kugadziriswa nehunyanzvi muzvikamu zvechikafu, sekurima kwakachengetedzwa uye kurima kwemukati. Izvi zvinobva kune yakaderera-tech poly-tunnels ine kushoma kudzora kwezvakatipoteredza, yepakati-tekinoroji, zvishoma zvakatipoteredza inodzorwa greenhouses kune yepamusoro-tech magirazi dzimba uye vertical kurima zvivako zvine hunyanzvi hwemazuva ano. Kurimwa kwezvirimwa kwakadzivirirwa ndiyo inokurumidza kukurumidza kugadzira chikafu muAustralia, maererano nehukuru hwekugadzira uye hupfumi hwehupfumi [12]. Indasitiri yeAustralia yakachengetedzwa-yekurima ine nzvimbo dzepamusoro-soro (17%), dzimba dzegirazi (20%) uye hydroponic/substrate-based based crop-production systems (52%), zvichiratidza kudiwa nemukana wekusimudzira chikamu cheagrifood. Muongororo iyi, tinokurukura nezvemamiriro ekurima akadzivirirwa mumamiriro ezvinhu etekinoroji iripo uye zvirimwa zvehorticultural zvinowirirana, tichitsanangura mikana nematambudziko anofanirwa kugadziriswa nekutsvagisa kuri kuitika muAustralia.
2. Iyezvino Techniques uye Technologies muKuchengetedzwa Kudyarwa
Muna 2019, nzvimbo yese yevhu yakapihwa zvirimwa zvakachengetedzwa-izvo, zvakanyanya, zvinosanganisira
kurima mbesa pasi pemhando dzese dzekuvharira-kwaifungidzirwa pa5,630,000 mahekita (ha) pasi rose [14]. Nzvimbo yose yemiriwo nemishonga inokura mu greenhouses (zvimiro zvekusingaperi) yakafungidzirwa kuva inenge 500,000 ha pasi rose, ne 10% yezvirimwa izvi zvinorimwa mumagirazi uye 90% mumapuranga epurasitiki [15,16]. Nzvimbo yegreenhouse yeAustralia inofungidzirwa kunge ingangoita 1300 ha, iine dzimba dzemhando yepamusoro (dzinotenderedza mabhizimisi gumi nemana ega ega, rimwe nerimwe richitora isingasviki 14 ha) richitora 5% yenzvimbo iyi, uye dzimba dzepasi-tech/mediumtech dzinoita 17% [83 ]. Pasi rose, mapurasitiki egreenhouse uye magirazi anoumba anenge 17% uye 80%, zvichiteerana, ezvese greenhouses anogadzirwa [20].
Kurimwa kwezvirimwa zvakadzivirirwa ndiyo inokurumidza kukura-ichigadzirwa chekudya muAustralia, inokosheswa inosvika madhora mabhiriyoni 1.5 pagore pagedhi repurazi muna 2017. Inofungidzirwa kuti inenge 30% yevarimi vese vekuAustralia vanorima zvirimwa mune imwe nzira yekuchengetedzwa kwezvirimwa, uye. kuti zvirimwa zvinorimwa pasi pekuvhara zvinosanganisira 20% yehuwandu hwekukosha kwemuriwo nemaruva kugadzira [18]. MuAustralia, inofungidzirwa kuti inzvimbo yekurima miriwo yegreenhouse yakanyanya kuSouth Australia (580 ha), ichiteverwa neNew South Wales (500 ha) neVictoria (200 ha), ukuwo Queensland, Western Australia neTasmania vachitora <50 ha imwe neimwe [17 ].
Kubva kuAustralian Horticulture Statistics Handbook (2014-2015) uye nhaurirano neindasitiri, kukosha kukuru kwekugadzirwa (GVP) yemichero, miriwo, uye maruva zvakafungidzirwa kuti 2017. Pakati pekukura kwemaitiro akaiswa, zvirimwa zvakakura muhydroponic / substrate- masisitimu ekugadzira akavakirwa (52%) akakosheswa zvakanyanya, achiteverwa neaya akakura pasi pevhu refertigation system (35%), aine musanganiswa weivhu refertigation uye hydroponic / substrate-based system (11%), uye kushandisa hydroponics / kudya kunovaka muviri. nzira yefirimu (NFT) (2%) (Mufananidzo 1A). Saizvozvowo, pakati pemhando dzedziviriro, zvirimwa zvakarimwa pasi pepoly/magirazi akafukidzira (63%) aive neGVP yepamusoro, ichiteverwa neaya akarimwa pasi pemavhavha epoly (23%), chimvuramabwe/mumvuri anovhara (8%) uye akasanganiswa poly/chimvuramabwe/mumvuri. inovhara (6%) (Mufananidzo 1B) [17]. Mukati meAustralia, nhamba dzeGVPs dzezvakagadzirwa greenhouse horticulture hazviwanikwe nyore [15].
Mufananidzo 1. Yese gross value production (GVP) yezvirimwa pasi pekuchengetedzwa kwezvirimwa (2017) nekukura system (A) nekudzivirira (B). Hydroponics/substrate-based production inosanganisira isina ivhu kukura kwechirimwa uchishandisa inert medium senge rockwool. Kugadzirwa kwevhu/fertigate-based kunosanganisira kukura kwechirimwa uchishandisa ivhu rine fertigation (kusanganiswa kuisa fetereza nemvura). Iyo hydroponics/nutrient film technique (NFT) inosanganisira kutenderedza mvura isina kudzika ine zvinovaka muviri zvakanyungudutswa zvinodarika nepakati pemidzi yezvirimwa mumatanho asingapinde mvura. 'Poly' inoreva polycarbonate.
Chimvuramabwe/mafukidziro emumvuri, kazhinji emambure kana machira, anodzivirira zvirimwa kubva pachimvuramabwe uye anovhara chikamu chechiedza chakanyanyisa. $ inoreva AUD.
Pakati pezvivakwa zvinodzorwa-zvakatipoteredza muUnited States, magirazi kana polycarbonate (poly) greenhouses (47%) akajairika kupfuura mapurazi emukati akamira (30%), dzimba dzepasi-tech hoop dzepurasitiki (12%), mapurazi emidziyo (7% ) uye yemukati-yakadzika-mvura tsika masisitimu (4%). Pakati pekukura masisitimu, hydroponics (49%) yakawanda kupfuura ivhu (24%), aquaponic (15%), aeroponic (6%) uye hybrid (aeroponics, hydroponics, ivhu) masisitimu (6%) [19,20].
Australia ine vashoma vakagadzira mapurazi emberi, zvakanyanya nekuda kwekuti ine maguta mashoma ane vanhu vakawanda. Zvisinei, Australia ine inenge 1000 ha greenhouse area [16,17] uye kutengeswa kunze kwenyika kwemiriwo mitsva nemichero kwakawedzera zvakanyanya kubva 2006 kusvika 2016 kuAustralia [16] nekuwedzera kurimwa kwepasi pekuvhara. Kunyangwe hazvo Australia yakaita mavambo akanaka mukurima kwemukati uye chikamu ichi chine mukana wakakura wekukura, zvinoda nguva kuti ikure uye nekusimudzira budiriro kuti uve mutambi akakosha pasirese. Parizvino, zvivakwa zvekurima zvemukati zvepurazi zvinogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvitatu zvinotevera zvekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji: yakaderera-, yepakati- uye yepamusoro-tech. Chimwe nechimwe chinokurukurwa zvakadzama muzvikamu zvinotevera.
2.1. New Technologies yeLow-Tech Poly-Tunnels
Low-tech greenhouse zvivakwa zvinopa zvakanyanya mukurima kwakachengetedzwa zvine zvipingamupinyi zvakati izvo zvinoda mhinduro dzetekinoroji kuti dzibatsire mukushanduka kwavo kuita purofiti yepakati- kana yepamusoro-tech zvivakwa zvinogadzira zvirimwa zvemhando yepamusoro zvine zviwanikwa zvishoma. Low-tech poly-tunnels inotora 80-90% yezvirimwa zvinopisa muvhu pasi rose [20] uye muAustralia [17]. Tichifunga nezvechikamu chikuru chepasi-tech polytunnels mukurima kwakadzivirirwa uye kuderera kwavo kwemamiriro ekunze, fertigation uye kudzora zvipembenene, zvakakosha kugadzirisa matambudziko akabatana kuitira kuwedzera kugadzirwa uye hupfumi hunodzokera kuvarimi.
Iyo yakaderera-tekinoroji nhanho inotenderedza akasiyana marudzi emapoly-tunnels ayo anogona kubva kubva kune ekare simbi zvimiro zvine mapurasitiki ekuvharira kune zvekusingaperi-akavakirwa zvivakwa. Kazhinji, ivo havadzorerwe kupfuura kugona kusimudza chifukidziro chepurasitiki kana chanyanya kupisa kana makore kunze. Aya mavhavha epurasitiki anodzivirira chirimwa kubva kuchimvuramabwe, kunaya nekutonhora kwemamiriro ekunze uye anowedzera mwaka wekurima kusvika pamwero wakati. Izvi zvakachipa zvimiro zvinopa a
kudzoka kunogoneka kwekudyara muzvirimwa zvemuriwo zvakaita seretisi, bhinzi, matomatisi, magaka, makabheji nezucchini. Kurima mumapoly tunnels aya kunoitwa muvhu, ukuwo mamwe maoparesheni epamusoro achigona kushandisa hari hombe nekudiridzira madomasi, blueberries, eggplant kana mhiripiri. Nekudaro, nepo yakaderera-tekinoroji yakadzivirirwa zvirimwa zvine musoro kune varimi vadiki, matekiniki akadaro anotambura nekukanganisa kwakati. Kushaikwa kwavo kwekutonga kwezvakatipoteredza kunokanganisa kuenderana kwehukuru uye kunaka kwechigadzirwa uye nekudaro kunoderedza
kuwanikwa kwemusika wezvigadzirwa izvi kune vanoda vatengi vakaita semasupamaketi nemaresitorendi. Nekuda kwekuti mbesa inodyarwa muvhu, varimi ava vanosanganawo nezvirwere zvakawanda zvinotapurira tumbuyu nevhu (semuenzaniso, utachiona hwema nematode). Indasitiri nevanotsvagisa vanotsvaga vanoda hutsva mukupa zvigadziriso padhizaini yezvivakwa uye masisitimu ekutonga zvirimwa pamwe neakangwara ekutengesa masisitimu ekutengesa kunze zvigadzirwa.
uye chengetedza cheni yekugovera nguva dzose. Kurudziro nerutsigiro kubva kumasangano anopa mari uye hunyanzvi hwekuvandudza tekinoroji (semu, biological control, otomatiki isina kukwana mukudiridza nekudzora tembiricha) kubva kumayunivhesiti nemakambani zvinogona kubatsira varimi kuchinjika kuenda kune emberi tekinoroji masisitimu ekurima zvirimwa.
2.2. Kuvandudza Medium-Tech Greenhouses neInnovations uye New Technologies
Kurima kwepakati-tekinoroji kwakadzivirirwa chikamu chakafara chinosanganisira inodzorwa-nzvimbo yegreenhouse uye magirazi. Ichi chikamu chechikamu chekuchengetedzwa-chirimwa chinoda kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji kana iri yekukwikwidza neyakakura kugadzirwa kwechikafu mumapurazi anoendesa yakaderera-tech poly-tunnels uye zvemhando yepamusoro zvigadzirwa kubva kune yepamusoro-tech greenhouses. Kudzora kwezvakatipoteredza mune yepakati-tekinoroji greenhouses kunowanzo kuve kwakasarudzika kana kwakadzika uye tembiricha yemamwe magreenhouses inogona kudzorwa nekuvhura denga nemaoko, uku.
zvimwe zvivakwa zvemberi zvine zvekutonhodza uye kudziyisa zvikamu. Kushandiswa kwemagetsi ezuva uye mafirimu akachenjera ari kuongororwa kuti kuderedze mutengo wesimba uye carbon footprints mune medium-tech greenhouses [21-23].
Nepo magreenhouse mazhinji achiri kugadzirwa nePVC kana magirazi akavharwa, mafirimu akangwara anogona kuiswa kune izvi zvimiro kana anogona kuiswa mugreenhouse dhizaini kuti awedzere kushanda nesimba. Kazhinji, magreenhouses epamusoro-soro anoshandisa midhiya inokura senge Rockwool mabhuroki ane akanyatso calibrated emvura fetereza risiti pamatanho ekukura akasiyana kuti awedzere goho. CO2 fetereza dzimwe nguva inoshandiswa mune yepakati-tech greenhouse kuwedzera goho uye kunaka. Iyo yepakati-tekinoroji yakadzivirirwa chikamu chekudyara inozobatsirwa kubva kuindasitiri-yunivhesiti kudyidzana kugadzira epamusoro sainzi uye tekinoroji mhinduro, kusanganisira itsva goho genotypes ine goho rakakura uye mhando, yakabatanidzwa manejimendi yezvipembenene, yakazara otomatiki fertigation uye greenhouse mamiriro ekunze, uye robhoti rubatsiro mukutonga zvirimwa. uye kukohwa.
2.3. Kuvandudzwa kweSainzi neTekinoroji kune High-Tech Greenhouses
Yepamusoro-tekinoroji magirazi anogona kubatanidza yazvino kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji muchirimwa physiology, fertigation, recycling, uye mwenje. Munzvimbo dzakakura dzekutengesa girinhi, semuenzaniso, tekinoroji ye'smart glass, solar photovoltaic (PV) masisitimu uye mwenje wekuwedzera, senge mapaneru eLED, anogona kushandiswa kuvandudza kunaka kwezvirimwa uye goho. Vagadziri vari kuwedzerawo otomatiki nzvimbo dzakakosha uye/kana dzinoshanda zvakanyanya sekutarisa zvirimwa, kumesa, uye kukohwa.
Kuvandudzwa kwehungwaru hwekugadzira (AI) uye kudzidza muchina (MI) kwakavhura zviyero zvitsva zvepamusoro-tech greenhouses [24-28]. AI seti yemitemo yakavharwa nemakombuta uye manhamba ezviverengero akadzidziswa kuona mapatani mu data hombe uye kuita mabasa anowanzo enderana nehungwaru hwevanhu. AI inoshandiswa mukucherechedzwa kwemufananidzo iri kushandiswa kutarisa hutano hwezvirimwa uye kuona zviratidzo zvechirwere, zvichiita kuti sarudzo dzikurumidze, dzine ruzivo rwekutonga nekukohwa zvirimwa - izvo, mazuva ano, zvinogona kuitwa.
nemaoko emarobhoti kwete basa revanhu. Internet-ye-Zvinhu (IoT) inopa mhinduro dze otomatiki dzinogona kugadziridzwa zvakanangana negreenhouse application [29]. Nekudaro, AI neIoT inogona kubatsira zvakanyanya munzvimbo yezvekurima kwemazuva ano nekudzora nekuita otomatiki mabasa ekurima [30].
Tsvagiridzo nekusimudzira mumunda wemarobhoti ekurima yakakura zvakanyanya mumakore gumi apfuura [31-33]. Kuzvimirira kwegoho rekukohwa mbesa yecapsicum inosvika pakubudirira kwekutengeserana yakaratidzwa negoho rekubudirira kwe76.5% [31] muAustralia. Prototypes yemarobhoti ekubvisa mashizha ematomatisi zvirimwa, kukohwa capsicum (bhero mhiripiri) uye mukume mbesa dzematomatisi [34,35] zvakagadziridzwa muEurope neIsrael, uye zvinogona kutengeswa munguva pfupi iri kutevera.
Zvakare, vashandi-manejimendi software masisitimu ehombe-yepamusoro-tekinoroji greenhouses inogonesa kushanda kwevashandi zvakanyanya, kuvandudza tarisiro yehupfumi yemabhizinesi aya. Iyo IT uye engineering shanduko icharamba ichipa simba kurima kwakadzivirirwa uye kurima mukati, zvichibvumira varimi kuti vatarise uye vatarise zvirimwa zvavo kubva kumakomputa uye nharembozha, inogona kutoshandiswa kurima kwakakosha uye.
zvisarudzo zvemusika. High-tech greenhouses ine mukana wepamusoro wekubatsira iyo Australia yakachengetedzwa chikamu chekurima, nekudaro kuenderera mberi kwekutsvagisa uye kuvandudza muzvivakwa izvi kungangodudzira kunguva nemari yakasimwa zvakanaka.
2.4. Kugadzira Mapurazi Akatsiga Kwezvido Zvemangwana
Mumakore achangopfuura, kukurumidza kukurumidza kwemukati 'kurima kwakatwasuka' pasi rose kwakapupurirwa, kunyanya munyika dzine vanhu vakawanda uye ivhu risina kukwana [36,37]. Kurima kwakatwasuka kunomiririra 6 bhiriyoni mukukosha asi inoramba iri chikamu chidiki chemamiriyoni emadhora emadhora emusika wekurima wepasi rose [38]. Kune kwakasiyana-siyana kudzokororwa kwekurima kwakamira asi ese anoshandisa vertically akaturikidzana ivhu-rishoma kana hydroponic arikukura masherufu munzvimbo yakavharirwa zvizere uye inodzorwa nharaunda, iyo inobvumira yakakwirira dhigirii ye otomatiki, kutonga uye kuenderana [39]. Zvakadaro, kurima kwakatwasuka kunoramba kwakaganhurirwa kune zvirimwa zvepamusoro-soro uye zvenguva pfupi-yehupenyu nekuda kwemitengo yakakwira yesimba kunyangwe ichipa chibereko chisingaenzaniswi paskweya mita uye kuwanda kwemvura nekuita zvinovaka muviri.
Iyo tekinoroji yekurima yakatwasuka- uye kunyanya, kuuya kwe 'smart' magirazi edzimba-zvinogona kukwezva varimi vane shungu yekushanda nemakomputa ari kubuda uye makuru-data matekinoroji akadai seAI neInternet yezvinhu (IoT) [40]. Parizvino, marudzi ese ekurima mudzimba ane simba- uye anonyanya kushanda, kunyangwe paine mukana webudiriro huru mune ese ari maviri otomatiki uye ekuita-simba matekinoroji. Nechekare, mafomu epamberi ekurima emukati anopa simba rawo pasaiti uye akazvimirira kubva kune general utility grid. Magadheni epadenga anogona kubva pazvigadziriso zviri nyore pamusoro pezvivakwa zveguta kusvika kumakambani epamusoro pedenga remba pazvivakwa zvemanisipala muNew York neParis. Indoor vertical farming ine ramangwana rakajeka, kunyanya zvichitevera denda reCCIDID-19 uye rakamisikidzwa kuti riwedzere chikamu chayo chemusika wechikafu wepasi rose, nekuda
Sistimu yekugadzira inoshanda zvakanyanya, kudzikiswa kwekutengesa cheni uye mitengo yezvinhu, inogona kuita otomatiki (kuderedza kubata) uye kuwana nyore kune vese vashandi nevatengi.
3. Target Crop in Protected Cropping
Parizvino, zvirimwa zvinokodzera kurima kwemukati zvakaganhurirwa muhuwandu nekuda kwekushomeka kwechirimwa mukukura kwemukati pamwe nekudzivirirwa zvirimwa zvekurima senge mutengo wakakura wesimba (yekuvhenekera, kudziyisa, kutonhora uye kumhanyisa masisitimu akasiyana-siyana) inobvumira zvirimwa zvakakoshesesa [ 41–43]. Nekudaro, kugadzirwa kwehupfumi kwemarudzi akasiyana ezvirimwa zvinodyiwa kwakakosha kana zvirimwa zvinodzivirirwa zvichikanganisa zvakanyanya.
kuchengetedzwa kwezvokudya pasi rose [12,13,44]. Miriwo yekurima yemuriwo yakachengetedzwa inosiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune iyo yakavhurika kugadzirwa kweminda inochengeterwa kushivirira kwakasiyana siyana kwemamiriro ekunze, izvo zvisingadiwi mukudyara kwakachengetedzwa. Kugadziridzwa kwemhando dzemhando dzakakodzera kunoda kukwenenzverwa kwemaitiro akati wandei (akadai sekuzvitakura, kukura kusingaverengeki, midzi yakasimba) inosiyana nehunhu hunoonekwa se.
inodiwa muzvirimwa zvekunze (Mufananidzo 2) (Yakatorwa kubva [13]).
Mufananidzo 2. Hunhu hunodiwa hwezvirimwa zvinobereka michero zvakarimwa mukati memba pasi pemamiriro ekunze anodzorwa maererano nezvirimwa zvinorimwa kunze pasi pemamiriro emunda.
Parizvino, michero nemiriwo zvakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya kurima mukati zvinosanganisira:
• Izvo zvinokura pamizambiringa kana makwenzi (tomato, sitirobheri, raspberry, blueberry, cucumber, capsicum, mazambiringa, kiwifruit);
• High-value nyanzvi zvirimwa (hops, vanilla, safironi, kofi);
• Mishonga yemishonga uye yezvizoro (seaweed, Echinacea);
• Miti midiki (cherries, chokoreti, mango, maarumondi) ndezvimwe zvingasarudzwa [13].
Muzvikamu zvinotevera, tinokurukura nezve zvirimwa zvagara zviripo uye magadzirirwo emhando itsva dzekurima mukati memba.
3.1. Zvirimwa Zviripo Zvakarimwa Munzvimbo Dzakaderera, Pakati nepamusoro-Tech
Yakaderera-uye yepakati-tekinoroji yakadzivirirwa-kurima masisitimu anogadzira kunyanya matomatisi, gaka, zucchini, capsicum, eggplant, lettuce, Asian girinhi nemishonga. Panyaya yenzvimbo, huwandu hwemichero inogadzirwa uye nhamba yemabhizinesi, tomato ndiyo inonyanya kukosha yemiriwo yezvirimwa inogadzirwa mugreenhouses, inoteverwa necapsicum uye lettuce [15,45].
MuAustralia, kuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa zvakakura-zvakadzorwa-zvakatipoteredza zvakaganhurwa zvakanyanya kune izvo zvakagadzirirwa kurima madomasi [15]. Iyo inofungidzirwa GVP yemichero, miriwo nemaruva ye2017, mumunda uye munzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa-zvirimwa, inoratidza hutongi hwematomatisi muchikamu cheAustralia chakachengetedzwa-chirimwa.
Huwandu hunofungidzirwa hweGVP hwegore ra2017 maererano neminda uye kurima zvirimwa zvemumunda hwakanga huri hwepamusoro pamadomasi (24%), kuchiteverwa nestrawberry (17%), michero yezhizha (13%), maruva (9%), blueberry. (7%), gaka (7%) uye capsicum (6%), neAsia miriwo, herbs, eggplant, cherry uye mabheri imwe neimwe inoverengera isingasviki 6% (Mufananidzo 3A).
Mufananidzo 3. Inofungidzirwa kukosha kukuru kwekugadzira (GVP) yemunda wakasanganiswa uye wakachengetedzwa kurima muriwo (A) uye inoverengerwa GVP yezvirimwa zvakarimwa pasi pekuchengetedzwa kwechirimwa muna 2017 (B) kuAustralia.
Pakati peizvi, GVP yezvirimwa zvakarimwa munzvimbo dzakadzivirirwa yekurima yaive yepamusoro kune matomatisi (40%), izvo zvaitungamira nechikamu chakakosha kune zvimwe zvirimwa zvinosanganisira maruva (11%), sitirobheri (10%), michero yezhizha (8% ) uye michero (8%), uye imwe neimwe yezvirimwa zvakasara inotora zvishoma kudarika 5% (Mufananidzo 3B). Nekudaro, musika wemuAustralia wakazara nemadomasi egreenhouse, izvo zvinosiya indasitiri yekurima yakachengetedzwa
nesarudzo mbiri dzinotevera: kuwedzera kutengesa kwezvirimwa izvi mumisika yepasi rose; uye/kana kukurudzira vamwe vevarimi vegreenhouse varipo munyika kuti vachinje mukugadzirwa kwezvimwe zvirimwa zvine ukoshi hwepamusoro. Huwandu hwezvirimwa hwakarimwa pasi pekuchengetedzwa hwaive hwepamusoro pamabheri (85%) nematomatisi (80%), zvichiteverwa nemaruva (60%), cucumber (50%), cherry neAsia miriwo (40%), sitirobheri nezhizha.
michero (imwe neimwe 30%), blueberry nemishonga (imwe neimwe 25%), uye pakupedzisira, capsicum uye eggplant, pa 20% imwe neimwe [17]. Parizvino, kurima-simba-uye-inoshanda-yakanyanya-mumba kurima kunongogumira kune-yakanyanya kukosha zvirimwa zvinogona kugadzirwa munguva pfupi ine yakaderera simba rekuisa [46,47]
Mumafekitari 'mafekitori', zvirimwa zvakakura zvinorimwa pari zvino mashizha ane mashizha nemiriwo, nekuda kwezvirimwa izvi 'nguva pfupi yekukura (nekuti michero nembeu hazvidiwe) uye kukosha kwepamusoro [7], chokwadi chekuti zvirimwa zvakadaro zvinoda chiedza chishoma. yephotosynthesis [48] uye nekuti yakawanda yechirimwa biomass inogadzirwa inogona kukohwa [46,49]. Pane mukana mukuru wekuvandudza goho nemhando yezvirimwa zvinorimwa mumapurazi emudhorobha [12].
3.2. Indasitiri Survey: Zvido zveVatori vechikamu zvinonyepepi?
Kucherechedzwa kwemisoro yakakosha yekutsvagisa kwakakosha kuvandudza kushanda kweveruzhinji uye nevega vega tsvakiridzo yeramangwana rekurima zvirimwa zvakachengetedzwa. Semuyenzaniso, Future Food Systems Co-operative Research Center (FFSCRC), yakatangwa neNew South Wales Farmers Association (NSW Farmers), University of New South Wales (UNSW) neFood Innovation Australia Ltd. (FIAL), ine mubatanidzwa. kweanopfuura makumi matanhatu ekutanga
indasitiri, hurumende nevatori vechikamu mukutsvagisa. Zvirongwa zvaro zvekutsvagisa uye zvekugona zvinovavarira kutsigira vatori vechikamu mukugadzirisa kugadzirwa kwedunhu uye kunharaunda-mudhorobha masisitimu echikafu, kutora zvigadzirwa zvitsva kubva kune prototype kuenda kumusika uye kuita nekukurumidza, kuchengetedzwa-akachengetedzwa cheni kubva kupurazi kuenda kumutengi. Kuti izvozvo zviitike, FFSRC inopa nharaunda yekutsvagisa yakanangana nekuvandudza zvirimwa zvakadzivirirwa kuitira kuti tikwidziridze kugona kwedu kutengesa zvirimwa zvemhando yepamusoro uye kubatsira Australia kuve mutungamiriri musainzi uye tekinoroji yechikamu chakachengetedzwa-chirimwa.
Vatori vechikamu vakaongororwa kuti vaone mbesa dzakanangana nekurima kwemukati. Pakati pevatori vechikamu vakaona zvirimwa zvakanangwa, kufarira miriwo mitsva (29%) kwaive kwakanyanya, kuchiteverwa nekufarira zvirimwa zvemichero (22%); cannabis yemishonga, mamwe maruva emishonga uye zvirimwa zvehunyanzvi (13%); marudzi emunzvimbo/madzinza (10%); howa/fungi (10%); uye mashizha ane mashizha (3%) (Mufananidzo 4).
Mufananidzo 4. Kurongeka kwezvirimwa zvinogadzirwa parizvino nevatori vechikamu veFFSCRC munzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa zvirimwa uye nekudaro, kwekuda kwevatori vechikamu kutsvaga mhinduro dzekurima zvirimwa izvi zvine pundutso pasi pevhu.
Ongororo iyi yaive yakavakirwa paruzivo nezve vatori vechikamu varipo online; kuwana ruzivo rwakadzama kuchave kwakakosha pakunzwisisa uye kusangana nezvinodiwa zvevatori vechikamu.
3.3. Kuuchika Mirimwe Mitsva Yenzvimbo Dzinodzorwa
Tekinoroji dzekuuchika dziripo dzekuvandudza muriwo nezvimwe zvirimwa zviri kufambira mberi nekukurumidza [50]. Mukurima zvirimwa zvakachengetedzwa, chikamu chehupfumi chine simba chine shanduko dzinokurumidza mumisika uye zvido zvevatengi, kusarudza chirimwa chakakodzera kwakakosha [44,51]. Pane zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvinoongorora kugadzirisa zvirimwa zvakakosha zvakadai sematomatisi uye eggplant yekugadzira greenhouse [52,53]. Tekinoroji nyowani dzekuberekesa [50] dzakafambisa kugadzirwa kwezvirimwa zvitsva zvine hunhu hunodiwa, uye mamwe makambani akatanga kugadzira zvirimwa zvekukura munzvimbo dzakadzorwa pasi pemwenje ye LED [20]. Zvisinei, cultivars dzakave dzichirimwa zvakanyanya kuti dziwedzere goho pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana emunda [46]. Zvimiro zvezvirimwa zvakadai sekushivirira kusanaya kwemvura, kupisa uye chando - izvo zvinodikanwa muzvirimwa zvinorimwa mumunda asi kazhinji zvinotakura zvirango zvegoho - hazviwanzo kudiwa
indoor Agriculture.
Hunhu hwakakosha hunogona kunangana nekugadzirisa zvirimwa zvemhando yepamusoro kune zvekurima zvemukati zvinosanganisira kutenderera kwehupenyu hupfupi, kuenderera mberi kwemaruva, yakaderera midzi-kusvika-pfuti reshiyo, mashandiro ari nani pasi peyakaderera photosynthetic-simba rekuisa, uye inodiwa hunhu hwevatengi hunosanganisira kuravira, ruvara, magadzirirwo uye chaiyo inovaka muviri [12,13]. Pamusoro pezvo, kupfuya zvemhando yepamusoro kunoburitsa zvinhu zvinodikanwa zvakanyanya zvine kukosha kwemusika. Chiedza chechiedza, tembiricha, humidity uye kupihwa kwechikafu kunogona kutariswa kuitira kuti kuchinje kuunganidzwa kwezvinotangwa zvinosanganisirwa mumashizha nemichero [54,55] uye kuwedzera kukosha kwekudya kwezvirimwa, kusanganisira mapuroteni (huwandu uye kunaka), vhitamini A, C. uye E, carotenoids, flavonoids, zvicherwa, glycosides uye anthocyanins [12]. Semuyenzaniso, shanduko dzinongoitika dzega (mumuzambiringa) uye kugadziridza majini (mu kiwifruit) zvakashandiswa kugadzirisa zvivakwa zvechirimwa, izvo zvichabatsira mukukura kwemukati munzvimbo dzakaganhurirwa. Muchidzidzo chenguva pfupi yapfuura, zvirimwa zvemadomasi nemacherry zvakagadzirwa pachishandiswa CRISPR-Cas9 kubatanidza zvinotevera hunhu hutatu hunodiwa: a dwarf phenotype, compact growth tsika uye precocious maruva. Kukodzera kwezvakagadzirwa 'yakagadziridzwa' mhando dzematomatisi kuti ishandiswe mumasisitimu ekurima emukati zvakasimbiswa uchishandisa munda uye kutengeserana vertical-purazi miedzo [56].
Ongororo yekurera mamorekuru kugadzira zvirimwa zvakagadziridzwa yakakurukura kukosha kwakawedzerwa kwezvigadzirwa zvekurima nekugadzira zvirimwa zvekurima zvine hutano uye semishonga inodyiwa [46]. Nzira huru dzekugadzira zvirimwa zvekurima zvine hutano hwakanaka dzakaonekwa sekuunganidzwa kwehuwandu hunodiwa hwemukati memuviri kana kudzikiswa kwemusanganiswa usingadiwi, uye kuunganidzwa kwemakemikari anokosha ayo.
hazviwanzogadzirwa muchirimwa.
4. Matambudziko nemikana muKurimwa kwakachengetedzwa uye Kurima Mumba
Kurima kwepamusoro-soro uye kurima kwemukati-kati kunokanganisa nharaunda. Nepo kurima zvirimwa pasi pekuvharira kune simba rakawanda kupfuura dzimwe nzira dzakawanda dzekurima, kugona kudzikisira kukanganisa kwemamiriro ekunze, kuve nechokwadi chekucherekedza uye kurima chikafu chemhando yepamusoro kusimudzira kuenderera kunounza zvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoro, zvichikwezva mibairo inodarika zvakanyanya mari yekuwedzera yekugadzira. [18]. Matambudziko makuru mukurimwa kwakachengetedzwa anosanganisira:
• Kudhura kwemari, nekuda kwekukwira kwemitengo yevhu munzvimbo dzemukati-madhorobha nedziri pedyo nemaguta;
• Kushandiswa kwesimba kwakanyanya;
• Kudiwa kwevashandi vane hunyanzvi;
• Kutarisira zvirwere pasina makemikari ekugadzirisa; uye
• Kuvandudzwa kwemaindekisi ehutano hwekudya - kutsanangura nekupa humbowo hwemhando yegoho - kune zvirimwa zvinorimwa mumba.
Muchikamu chinotevera, tinokurukura mamwe ematambudziko nemikana ine chekuita nekurima zvirimwa zvakachengetedzwa.
4.1. Mamiriro Akanaka eKugadzirwa Kwepamusoro uye Kushanda Kwekushandisa Zvishandiso
Kunzwisisa kukuru kwezvinodiwa zvechirimwa pamatanho ekukura akasiyana uye pasi pechiedza chakasiyana kwakakosha kana varimi vachizochengetedza kurima kwembesa kunodhura munzvimbo dzakadzora. Kutarisira kwakanaka kwenzvimbo yegreenhouse, kusanganisira mamiriro ayo ekunze uye ekudya, uye maumbirwo pamwe nemamiriro emagetsi, anogona kuwedzera kunaka kwezvibereko uye goho zvakanyanya [57]. Iyo yekukura nharaunda zvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa kukura kwechirimwa, evapotranspiration rates uye physiological kutenderera. Pakati pezvinhu zvemamiriro ekunze, mwaranzi yezuva ndiyo inonyanya kukosha sezvo photosynthesis inoda chiedza, uye goho rezvirimwa rinoenderana zvakananga nemwero wechiedza chezuva kusvika kune mwenje saturation point yephotosynthesis. Nguva zhinji, kunyatso kudzora kwezvakatipoteredza kunoda kushandiswa kwesimba kwakanyanya, kuderedza pundutso yekurima kunodzorwa-nzvimbo. Simba rinodiwa pakudziya kwegreenhouse uye kutonhora rinoramba riri dambudziko guru uye chinangwa cheavo vari kutsvaga kuderedza mutengo wesimba [6]. Zvishandiso zvekupenya uye matekinoroji egirazi akadai seSmart Glass [58] zvinopa mikana inovimbisa yekudzikisa mutengo une chekuita nekuchengetedza tembiricha yegreenhouse uye kudzora shanduko nharaunda. Mazuva ano, matekinoroji egirazi ehunyanzvi uye masisitimu ekutonhodza anoshanda ari kuisirwa mukurima kwakachengetedzwa munzvimbo dzegirazi. Glazing zvinhu zvine mukana wekudzikisa
kushandiswa kwemagetsi, nekutora yakawandisa yezuva uye kuendesa zvakare simba rechiedza kugadzira magetsi uchishandisa photovoltaic masero [59,60].
Zvisinei, zvinhu zvekufukidzira zvinokanganisa greenhouse microclimates [61,62] kusanganisira chiedza [63] uye naizvozvo zvakakosha kuongorora maitiro ezvinyorwa zvitsva zvinopisa pakukura kwemiti uye physiology, kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa, goho rezvirimwa uye hutano mumamiriro ezvinhu umo zvinhu. senge CO2, tembiricha, zvinovaka muviri uye kudiridza zvinodzorwa zvakasimba. Semuenzaniso, semi-transparent Organic Photovoltaics (OPVs) yakavakirwa pamusanganiswa weregioregular poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), uye phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) yakaedzwa kurima mhiripiri zvirimwa (Capsicum annuum). Pasi pemumvuri wemaOPVs, mbesa dzemhiripiri dzakabereka 20.2% yakawanda yemichero uye zvirimwa zvine mimvuri zvaive zvakareba 21.8% pakupera kwemwaka wekukura [64]. Mune imwe ongororo, kuderedzwa kwePAR kunokonzerwa nekushanduka kwe photovoltaic panels padenga hakuna kukanganisa goho, morphology yemiti, nhamba yemaruva pabazi, ruvara rwemichero, kusimba uye pH [65].
Firimu rekupedzisira-pasi-reflective 'smart glass', Solar Gard ™ ULR-80 [58], parizvino iri kuedzwa mukugadzirwa kwegirazi. Chinangwa ndechekuona kugona kwezvinhu zvinopenya zvine mwenje unochinjika uye kuderedza mutengo wesimba wakakwira une chekuita nekushanda munzvimbo dzepamusoro-soro dzegreenhouse horticulture. Smart girazi (SG) firimu iri kuiswa kune yakajairwa girazi rega yega magirazi edzimba munzvimbo dzinorima zvirimwa zvemuriwo uchishandisa kutengeserana vertical-kurima uye manejimendi maitiro [66,67]. Eggplant miedzo pasi peSG yakaratidza simba repamusoro uye fertigation kushanda zvakanaka [42], asi zvakare yakaderedza goho remazambiringa, nekuda kwemazinga akakwirira emaruva uye / kana kubvisa pamuviri semugumisiro we-light-limited photosynthesis [58]. Iyo SG firimu rinoshandiswa ringada kugadziridzwa kuti riite rakanyanya chiedza mamiriro uye kuderedza mwenje miganho kune yakakwirira-kabhoni-inonyura michero senge eggplant.
Iko kushandiswa kweinoveli simba-inochengetedza glazing zvinhu senge smart girazi kunopa mukana wakanaka wekudzikisa mutengo wesimba wegirazihouse mashandiro uye kukwidziridza mwenje mamiriro ekurima zvirimwa zvinonangwa. Mafirimu echivharo eSmart senge luminescent-light emitting ekurima mafirimu (LLEAF) ane mukana wekusimudzira pamwe nekudzora kukura kwezvinomera uye kuberekana mukurima kwepakati-tech kuchengetedzwa. LLEAF
mapaneru anogona kuongororwa pambeu dzakasiyana siyana dzinotumbuka uye dzisina maruva kuti zvionekwe kana dzichibatsira kuwedzera kukura kwezvinomera uye kuberekana (nekuchinja maitiro ehupenyu ayo anotsigira kukura kwechirimwa uye goho nemhando).
4.2. Pest uye Disease Management
Kunyange zvazvo nzvimbo dzakadzivirirwa dzekurima-mbesa dzinogona kuderedza tumbuyu nezvirwere, kana zvangounzwa, zvakaoma zvikuru uye zvinodhura kudzora pasina kushandisa makemikari ane chepfu. Vertical indoor farming inobvumira kutarisisa kwezvirimwa zviratidzo zvetumbuyu kana chirwere, pamaoko uye/kana otomatiki (uchishandisa tekinoroji dzekunzwa) uye kutora tekinoroji ichiri kubuda uye/kana maitirwo ekuona kure anozofambisa.
kuonekwa kwekutanga kwekuputika uye kubviswa kwezvirimwa zvinorwara uye / kana zvakasvibiswa [7].
Novel integrated pest management (IPM) nzira [68] dzinozodiwa pakubata zvakanaka kwezvipembenene mumagreenhouse. Mazano akakodzera ekutarisira (tsika, muviri, mechanical, biological uye kemikari), pamwe chete netsika dzakanaka dzechivanhu, nzira dzekutarisa dzepamusoro uye kuzivikanwa chaiko zvinogona kuvandudza kugadzirwa kwemuriwo uku uchideredza kuvimba nekushandisa mishonga yezvipembenene. Nzira yakabatanidzwa yehutano hwezvirwere inosanganisira kushandiswa kwezvirimwa zvinopikisa, utsanana, tsika dzakanaka dzetsika uye kushandiswa kwakakodzera kwemishonga yezvipembenene [44]. Kugadziridzwa kwemaitiro matsva eIPM kunogona kuderedza mutengo wevashandi uye kukosha kwekushandisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene. Tora, semuenzaniso, kushandiswa kwezvipembenene zvitsva, zvakasimudzirwa mune zvekutengesa, zvinobatsira zvechisikigo (semu, aphid midge, green lacewing, zvichingodaro) kubata twupukanana negoho uye kuderedza kuvimba nemishonga. Kuedza dzakasiyana-siyana itsva IPM
mazano, ari ega uye mumubatanidzwa, anozobatsira mukugadzira chirimwa- uye nzvimbo-chaiwo kurudziro yevarimi.
4.3. Hunhu hweChirimwa uye Kudya Kwakakosha
Kurimwa kwezvirimwa zvakachengetedzwa kunopa varimi uye vanodyidzana neindasitiri negoho repamusoro uye zvibereko zvemhando yepamusoro gore rose [69]. Kurima michero yepamusoro nemiriwo, zvisinei, zvinoda kuongororwa kwepamusoro-soro kwehutano uye hutano parameters [70]. Michero yemhando yemhando yeparamita inosanganisira hunyoro, pH, yakazara soluble solids, madota, ruvara rwemichero, ascorbic acid uye titratable acidity, uye epamusoro zvinovaka muviri zvinosanganisira shuga, mafuta, mapuroteni, mavhitaminzi uye antioxidants; kusimba uye kuyerwa kwekurasikirwa kwemvura kwakakoshawo pakutsanangura mhando indexes [66]. Zvakare, iyo yemhando yepamusoro-yekuyedzwa kwemhando yezvirimwa inogona kuiswa mune otomatiki greenhouse operations system. Kuongorora zvirimwa zvinowanika genotypes zvemhando yepamusoro zvinopa hutsva hwepamusoro-kukosha, hune hutano hwakasiyana hwemichero nemiriwo kune varimi nevatengi. Mazano ezvekurima anosanganisira nharaunda yekukura nemaitiro ekuchengetedza goho anozoda kuvandudzwa kuti asimudzire magadzirirwo nekudyarwa kwezvirimwa zvemhando yepamusoro idzi.
4.4. Basa uye Unyanzvi-Basa Kuwanikwa
Zvinodiwa zvevashandi zveindasitiri yezvirimwa zvinodzivirirwa zviri kuwedzera (> 5% pagore) uye zvinofungidzirwa kuti vanhu vanopfuura zviuru gumi muAustralia yose vari kushandira zvakananga neindasitiri. Zvisinei nehupamhi hwayo hwekuita otomatiki, kurima kwakakura kwakadzivirirwa kunoda simba rakakura revashandi, kunyanya kugadzirwa kwembesa, kuchengetedza zvirimwa, kumeresa muchina uye kukohwa zvirimwa. Nekuwedzera kuri kuda
kune varimi vane hunyanzvi, kupihwa kwevashandi vane hunyanzvi kunoramba kwakaderera [18,71]. Vashandi vane hunyanzvi vanozodikanwawo mukusimudzira kurima kwemudhorobha, uko kunoburitsa mabasa matsva enyanzvi dzetekinoroji, mamaneja emapurojekiti, vashandi vekuchengetedza uye vashandi vekushambadzira nekutengesa [7]. Kuvamba zvivakwa zvemhando yepamusoro zvekutengesa zvinopa mukana wekugadzirisa mibvunzo yekutsvagisa, nekudaro kufambisira mberi chinangwa chekuwedzera goho mune zvakasiyana siyana zvirimwa tichipa dzidzo uye kudzidziswa muhunyanzvi hunogona kunge huchidiwa zvakanyanya mune remangwana rakachengetedzwa-chirimwa chikamu.
5. Mhedziso
Munzvimbo dzepamusoro-soro dzegreenhouse dzine hungwaru tekinoroji, pane mukana mukuru wekuvandudza pundutso nekuita otomatiki nzvimbo dzakakosha uye/kana dzinoshanda zvakanyanya sekutarisa zvirimwa, kumesa, uye kukohwa. Kuvandudzwa kweAI, marobhoti uye ML kuri kuvhura zviyero zvitsva zvekurima kwakachengetedzwa. Mapurazi akatsiga anoumba chikamu chidiki chemusika wekurima wepasi rose uye, kunyangwe ichinyanya kushandisa simba, kurima kwakatwasuka kunopa chibereko chisingaenzaniswi nehupamhi hwemvura uye kushanda zvakanaka kwekudya kunovaka muviri. Kugadzirwa kwehupfumi kwezvirimwa zvakasiyana kwakakosha kana kurima zvirimwa zvakachengetedzwa kuri kuita zvakakosha pakuchengetedza chikafu chepasi rose. Yakaderera-uye yepakati-tekinoroji yakadzivirirwa zvirimwa masisitimu anogadzira kunyanya madomasi, magaka, zucchini, capsicum, eggplant uye lettuce zvirimwa, pamwe neAsia girinhi nemakwenzi.
Kuvandudzwa kwenzvimbo dzakakura dzakadzorwa-zvakatipoteredza muAustralia kwakaganhurirwa kukurima madomasi. Kugadzira mbesa dzakakodzera kunoda kukwenenzvera akati wandei akakosha maitiro akasiyana neanoonekwa seanodiwa muzvirimwa zvekunze. Hunhu hwakakosha hunogona kunangana nekurima kwemukati hunosanganisira kuderedzwa kwehupenyu hwechirimwa, kuenderera mberi kwemaruva, yakaderera midzi-kupfura reshiyo, kuwedzera kushanda pasi peyakaderera photosynthetic.
kupinza simba, uye hunhu hunodiwa hwemutengi, hwakadai sekuravira, ruvara, magadzirirwo uye zvimwe zvinovaka muviri zviri mukati.
Pamusoro pezvo, kupfuya zvirimwa zvemhando yepamusoro-soro, zvinovaka muviri zvinogadzira zvinodikanwa zvehorticultural (uye zvingangove, zvemushonga) zvine mutengo wakanaka wemusika. Kuwana pundutso uye kuenderera mberi kwekurima kwakadzivirirwa kunoenderana nekugadzira mhinduro kumatambudziko ekutanga anosanganisira mutengo wekutanga, kushandiswa kwesimba, vashandi vane hunyanzvi, kutonga kwezvipembenene uye kusimudzira-index.
Novel glazing zvinhu uye kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji iko zvino kuri kutsvagirwa kana kuyedzwa kunopa mhinduro kugadzirisa imwe yeanonyanya kudzvanya akachengetedzwa-chirimwa matambudziko. Kufambira mberi uku kunogona, pamwe, kupa simba rinodikanwa kubatsira chikamu chezvirimwa chakachengetedzwa shanduko kusvika kune yakagadzikana uye inodhura-inoshanda mwero wesimba-kuita uye kuzadzisa zvinokura zvinodikanwa zvekuchengetedzwa kwechikafu, uku uchichengetedza mhando yezvirimwa uye kudya kunovaka muviri.
zvemukati, uye kuderedza zvinokuvadza kwezvakatipoteredza.
Munyori Mipiro: SGC akanyora ongororo nekuisa uye kudzokorora kwakapihwa neDTT, Z.-HC, OG uye CIC Vanyori vese vakaverenga uye vakabvumirana neshanduro yakadhindwa yezvinyorwa.
Mari: Ongororo iyi yakavakirwa pamushumo wakapihwa uye wakapihwa mari neFuture Food Systems Cooperative Research Center, iyo inotsigira indasitiri inotungamirwa nekudyidzana pakati peindasitiri, vaongorori, uye nharaunda. Takagamuchirawo rubatsiro rwemari kubva kumapurojekiti eHorticulture Innovation Australia (Nhamba yeGrant VG16070 kuDTT, Z.-HC, OG, CIC; Nhamba yekupa VG17003 kuDTT, Z.-HC; Nhamba yekupa LP18000 kuZ.-HC) uye CRC chirongwa P2 -013 (DTT, Z.-HC, OG, CIC).
Institutional Ongororo Yebhodhi Chirevo: Hazvigoneke.
Ruzivo Rwemvumo: Hazvigoneke.
Chirevo cheKuwanikwa kweData: Hazvigoneke.
Kurwisana kwekufarira: Vanyori vanoti hapana kupesana kwechido.
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