Masangano ezvakatipoteredza nevagari vemo vanotsutsumwa nekushandiswa kwevhu reOdemira nemvura zviwanikwa zvegirinhi.
Odemira, Portugal - Akagara mumba make mumusha wakagezwa nechena uri mumakomo eAlentejo zvinyoronyoro, Inácia Cruz ane makore 92 anofarira kurangarira nezvenguva dziri nyore.
“Nzvimbo iyi yaiva nechingwa chakapfuma,” anodaro achishungurudzika. “Taigadzira mafuta emuorivhi, zviyo nemakoki. Taisada kutenga zvinhu kubva kunze kwenyika. Tairima zvokudya zvedu uye vavakidzani vaibatsirana.”
Kwemakumi emakore, akaona shanduko huru yenzvimbo yeOdemira, dhorobha remaruwa kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweAlentejo.
Mumakore ekuma1960, dhamu rakavakwa pasi pehudzvanyiriri hweEstado Novo, paine vimbiso yekuti kudiridza kwaizosimudzira kurima nekusimudzira goho munzvimbo yakaoma. Dziva racho rakatumidzwa zita remusha weInácia, Santa Clara.
Nepo vamwe varimi vakatsiva minda yezviyo, mafuro euswa nevhu rakasiiwa nembesa dzakadiridzwa, pakave mukupera kwema1980 ndipo pakatanga kurima kwemaindasitiri, pakagadzwa mazana emahekita emasitrobheni nemuridzi muzvinabhizimusi wekuFrance Thierry Roussel. .
'Magreenhouses emuFrench'
"Vamwe vavakidzani vangu vaishanda ipapo, mumagreenhouse emuFrench, asi bhizinesi rakakundikana uye havana kumbobhadharwa mihoro yavaikwereta," anodaro Inácia.
Kunyangwe nerubatsiro rwakabva kuEuropean Union nerubatsiro rwenyika yePortugal nebhanga rehurumende, magreenhouses e550-hectare (1,359-acre) akaparara mumakore mashoma, achipera nekurasikirwa kunofungidzirwa kwemamiriyoni makumi matatu emadhora.
Roussel akatiza Portugal, achisiya zvikwereti zvake shure, ivhu rakazara nepurasitiki uye ivhu rakukurwa nekushandiswa kwakanyanya kwemakemikari ekurima.
Asi mumakore gumi nemasere adarika, makambani ekunze akatanga kusima mari kuOdemira zvakare, achishandura dunhu iri kuita muzinda wekurima mumwe chete.
Mamiriro ekunze akapfava edunhu, ayo anobvumira mwaka wekukura kwenguva refu, akatanga kukwezva vagadziri vemaberry emarudzi akawanda zvakare muna 2004, apo kambani yekuAmerica yeDriscoll's, kambani yemaberry hombe pasi rose ine zvirimwa zvine patented chete, yakagadzira magreenhouses ipapo kuti vape chikafu chirikura muEurope chemuchero mutsva. .
Kuvepo kwevhu, mvura kubva kudhamu reSanta Clara uye mamirioni emaeuro murubatsiro rwezvekurima muEU kwakakurudzira kuwedzera kwekutengesa kunze kwenyika uko kwakaona kutengeswa kwemabheri kwePortugal kuchikura zvakanyanya mumakore gumi apfuura, zvichiunza mari inofungidzirwa kuti inosvika mamirioni mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu emadhora ($10m) muna 250.
Zvinodarika zvikamu makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana zvemabheri anogadzirwa anotengeswa kunze kwenyika kunzvimbo dzakaita seBelgium, France, Germany, Netherlands, Scandinavia, neUnited Kingdom.
Inácia inonyatsoziva kuparara kwenzira dzechinyakare dzekurima chikafu, zvichibva pane yekare silvostoral modhi inosanganisa miti yemuoki nemichero ine zvirimwa zvinonaya nemvura uye zvipfuyo.
”Zvino zvinonyadzisa, hatigone kana kuzvipa chikafu. Tinofanira kuunza gorosi kunze kwenyika kuti tigadzire chingwa chedu,” Inácia anogunun’una asingatenderi, achiramba muenzaniso unopa misika yepasi rose pamusoro pekugadzirwa kwemuno.
Anoti zvave kurevawo shanduko yehukama hwevanhu.
“Pakanga pane humwe mutsa kare. Makaro mashoma, ruvengo rushoma.”
Biodiversity hotspot
Nepo musha weInácia uri padyo nedhamu rinopa vanogadzira mabheri, dzimba zhinji dzegreenhouse dzakavambwa nemhenderekedzo yegungwa, mukati meSouthwest Alentejo neVicentine Coast Natural Park, nzvimbo ine zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana.
“[Maodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweAlentejo] ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzinokosheswa zvikuru dzokuchengetedza uye dzomusango dzomugungwa dzomuEurope,” anodaro Paula Canha, nyanzvi yezvipenyu akazvipira nguva yakawanda yebasa rake kudzidza nezvemarudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvipenyu nemarudzi anogara aripo.
Muna 1988, Maodzanyemba Alentejo akaverengerwa senzvimbo yakachengetedzwa. Muna 1995, yakashandurwa kuita paki yezvisikwa uye yakaverengerwa muEuropean Natura 2000 network yenzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa dzenzvimbo dzisingawanzo uye dzakatyisidzirwa.
Zvakadaro, makambani ezvekurima ari kushanda munzvimbo iyi ari kuramba kuti bhizimusi ravo rine kukanganisa nharaunda zvikuru achiti madiridziro akadzikwa nedhamu aya ndiwo akatangira paki uye anofanira kukoshesa kuchengetedzwa kwezviwanikwa.
”Kurima kwakakosha, asi kunoda kuve nemiganhu. Tinofanira kuwana kuenzanisa pakati pekugadzirwa kwechikafu nekuchengetedza,” anodaro Canha.
MaGreenhouse anofukidza anopfuura 1,700 mahekita (4,200 acres) yepaki yezvisikwa. Muna 2019, hurumende yakatendera chisungo chekubvumidza nzvimbo inogona kuisirwa magreenhouse kuti isvike 40 muzana yenzvimbo yakasarudzika yekurima mukati mepaki, ichibvumira nzvimbo dzakafukidzwa negreenhouse kuti dzisvike katatu kusvika ku4,800 mahekita (11,861 acres).
Maererano neCanha, rimwe rematambudziko makuru kushaikwa kwemitemo yakajeka uye kuteedzerwa kwemutemo.
“Kuongorora kunenge kusipo, pane zvakawanda zvekusatariswa nevakuru venzvimbo. Kwemakore taive nemakambani aityora mutemo pasina mhosva,” anodaro.
Portugal's Ministry of Environmental uye zviremera zvepaki hazvina kupindura zvikumbiro zvakawanda zveAl Jazeera zvekupa mhinduro pamabatiro ekurima kwakasimba munzvimbo yakachengetedzwa. Meya waOdemira akaramba kubvunzurudzwa.
Kugadzira nzira yegreenhouses
Sekureva kwevanoongorora zvipenyu uye vanochengetedza, kurima kwakasimba kwe monoculture kunoenderana nekushandiswa kweagrochemicals, uye kumisikidza magreenhouse makambani ari kuenzanisa ivhu, kurira ivhu nekurifukidza nepurasitiki.
Mvura ine fetireza inoyerera ichipinda mumigero yemvura yopinda muvhu, zvichisvibisa zviwanikwa zvemvura zvishoma munzvimbo iyi. Kukuvadza kwacho kunogona kusagadziriswa.
Pamusoro peizvozvo, Canha anoti, "mazhinji emagreenhouse aya ari kugadzirwa padyo nemawere, zvichikonzera kukurwa nekukurumidza".
“Vari kuparadza chimiro chevhu zvekuti kudzorera kwacho kunenge kusingaite. Zvose zviri pasi pepurasitiki zvinofa.”
Canha yaive chikamu chechikwata chevanodzidza nezvezvinhu zvipenyu nevanochengetedza kuchengetedza vakaronga nzvimbo dzenguva pfupi dzemadziva eMedithera, nzvimbo dzekutanga dzakachengetedzwa pasi pemutemo wenyika neEuropean.
Kwemakore makumi maviri apfuura, akawanda emadziva akaparadzwa kuti agadzirire nzvimbo dzegreenhouse.
"Pasinei nekuedza kwedu kwese kuchengetedza madziva aya akasiyana, akaramba achiparadzwa," anodaro Rita Alcazar, anobva kuLPN, sangano rezvakatipoteredza iro nguva pfupi yadarika rakamhan'ara kune imwe kambani yeBritish ichipomerwa kuparadza madziva mashanu kuti varime mastrawberries. kuendesa kunze kuUK neScandinavia.
Mune chirevo chakatumirwa neemail nezvemadziva, AHSA, mubatanidzwa wevarimi vemichero waOdemira, akaudza Al Jazeera "zvikanganiso zvishoma zvakaitwa kare", asi kuti nhasi, "makambani ari pasi pekutonga kwakanyanya nevatengi". uye kusimudzira "zviyero zvepamusoro".
Kumukira kurima bhizinesi
Haisi chete masangano ezvakatipoteredza anopikisa kuparadzwa kwenzvimbo dzinogara dzakakosha, kukukurwa kwevhu uye kusvibiswa kwemvura.
Vatsamwiswa nedanho rehurumende rekuwedzera nzvimbo inotenderwa magreenhouses, vagari vakati wandei vatanga kuronga vachipesana neindasitiri yezvekurima muOdemira.
"Nzvimbo iyi inofanirwa kuchengetedzwa, asi iri kusiiwa kuti ifarire zvido zvehupfumi," anodaro Laura Cunha, akabatana nevamwe vagari kuti vaumbe boka reJuntos pelo Sudoeste ("Pamwe chete kuMaodzanyemba kwaMadokero") muna 2019.
Kubva ipapo, vakaronga kuratidzira, vakanyora zvichemo uye vakavimbisa kuendesa hurumende kumatare edzimhosva kuchengetedza miti nemhuka dzedunhu iri.
Makambani ezvekurima anopokana kuti ari kuunza mari kunzvimbo ine hurombo, uye vazhinji vanofunga kuti kukura kweindasitiri iyi kwakabudirira.
Asi yeJuntos pelo Sudoeste, iyo yehupfumi modhi yeyakaomesesa greenhouses inoenderana nekushandiswa kwevashandi vanotama uye nemamiriro ekunze.
Iwo magreenhouse anonyanya kutsamira pazvinhu zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika - kubva kumiti ine patent, zvivakwa zvesimbi uye mavhavha epurasitiki kusvika kune agrochemicals - pamwe nezviuru zve kushanda zvakanyanya uye kubhadharwa mari shoma vashandi vanobva kune dzimwe nyika vanouya kazhinji kubva kuSouth Asia kuzotanha michero isinganyanyi kusimba kukohwa nemichina.
"Hazvibatsiri nharaunda dzemunharaunda, zviri kupedza mvura nevhu kupfumisa vashoma chete," Cunha anoudza Al Jazeera.
"Dambudziko guru nderekuti nyika inotsigira izvi, uye inoramba ichifarira zvekurima," anodaro Cunha.
Muna 2017, Mutungamiriri wePortugal, António Costa, akashanyira magreenhouse muOdemira achigadzira raspberries yeDriscoll's, achirumbidza mari yekunze mudunhu iri.
"Makambani epasi rose aya ane pfungwa dzekubvisa, ari pano kuzobatsira zvakanyanya kubva kune zviwanikwa zvemuno vobva vaenda," anodaro Diogo Coutinho, akavamba sangano reSOS Rio Mira kutsigira kuchengetedzwa nekutonga kwakasimba kwezviwanikwa zvemvura zvemuno. .
Mvura inyaya yakakosha sezvo Portugal neSpain dziri kutambura nekuoma kwemamiriro ekunze kweanenge makore 1,200, nekupisa uye kusanaya kwemvura kwenguva refu kuri kuwedzera kuwanda.
Mishumo yakayambira nharaunda iyi iri munjodzi yekuva gwenga zana remakore risati rapera. Asi kudiwa kwemvura mudunhu iri kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera.
”Mvura ishoma nekuti mvura inonaya shoma. Nekuparara kwemasango ivhu rine hurombo uye kune kushomeka kwekuchengetedza mvura. Asi kushandiswa kwemvura kuri kuwedzera nekuti kurima kwakanyanya kuri kuramba kuchikura,” anodaro Coutinho, uyo anogara pedyo nedhamu reSanta Clara uye aona vamwe vavakidzani vake vachishaya mvura.
Mvura mudhamu yakadzikira kubva pa96 percent muna Chikunguru 2010 kuenda pa36 percent inotyisa gore rino.
Sekureva kwaCoutinho nevamwe vagari nevaratidziri, dambudziko nderekugovewa zvisina kunaka kwezviwanikwa zvemvura zviri kuramba zvichishomeka, sezvo mubatanidzwa unodzora kupihwa kubva mudhamu uchitungamirwa nemakambani ezvekurima anopedza chikamu che90 muzana chemvura.
António Rosa, murimi anorima nzungu nembatatisi pane imwe munda, aiva mumwe wevagari vomunzvimbo iyi vanopfuura 100 vakagamuchira tsamba kubva kusangano rinoona nezvemvura yakavanyevera kuti vaisazowana mvura kubva mudziva uye vaizovapa. unofanira kutsvaga imwe nzvimbo yekudiridzira.
"Tiri kurambidzwa kuwana mvura kuti irambe ichiwanisa makambani emunyika dzakawanda muno," anodaro Rosa.
“Dhamu iri rakavakwa nemari yehurumende asi rinotungamirirwa nemunhu ari oga. Yakavakwa kuti iwane varimi mumwedzi yakaoma zvikuru, asi makambani aya anoda madiridziro gore rose. Modhi yavo yakadzama haina kugadzikana, yakabviswa zvachose kubva munharaunda nemamiriro enzvimbo, "anodaro.
Kwaari, mhinduro ndeye kudzokera kumidzi yedunhu.
“Tairima zvirimwa zvakajaira kuvhu rakaoma. Takanga tine hutongi hwechikafu uye ruzivo rwemunharaunda pamusoro pekugadzirisa kusanaya kwemvura uye kurarama nekuchengetedza, "anodaro. "Tinongoda kuikoshesa zvakare."
Chirongwa ichi chakagadzirwa nerutsigiro rwe Journalismfund.eu.